Political Economy Theory Essay

The political economy in mass media theory argues that â€Å"the structure of the industry influences content.† _(Andrejevic M, 2007)._ This theory will be demonstrated by analysing an article entitled _'†Sky’s the limit† for MySpace’_, published on _News.com.au_ on August 10th 2007. The presumption of the theory is that media content is influenced by a combination of the media owners (individuals or corporations), advertisers, competitors/other media, government regulations and viewers or readers. In the case of media ownership, â€Å"Private individuals decide what information should be provided to the public based on what earns them the most money.† _(Andrejevic M, 2007)_ The _News.com.au_ article on _MySpace_ appears in the National News section and describes the firm grasp and incredible influence the social networking site, established in 2003, has on the internet and throughout the business world. The article is saturated with references to the innovations and stunning success of _MySpace_. For example the opening sentence reads â€Å"Social networking website _MySpace_ has more than 115 million members around the world and already plays a key role in launching music careers, political campaigns and the way people communicate in general.† _(Gadd M, 2007)_ At this point a discerning reader should recall that _News Corp_ bought _MySpace_ from its co founders Tom Anderson and Chris DeWolfe in July 2005. _(Malick O, 2006)_ The propaganda model developed by Edwards S Herman and Noam Chomsky asserts that information presented to the general public via mainstream media outlets will be biased in relation to the interests of the multinational organisations or media conglomerates that own them. _(Herman & Chomsky, 1988)_ By publishing an article promoting the dominant discourse that _MySpace_ is a popular, thriving production with unlimited potential, _News Limited_ are encouraging awareness of the website, which in turn provides it with traffic and publicity. Since _News Corp_ owns _MySpace_ and is a holding company for _News Limited_, this is a chief example of the  propaganda model and reinforces the political economy theory that media content is affected by media owners. The positive language used in the article demonstrates the power of linguistic controls in promoting a discourse. The writers of the article use phrases such as â€Å"it’s just the tip of the ice berg† _(Gadd M, 2007)_ to imply there is a wealth of possibilities for _MySpace_ to accomplish. The website is described as â€Å"a platform for individuals to express themselves and socialise.† _(Gadd M, 2007)_ This quote is relevant to today’s society as ideas of non-conformity, individuality and creativity are attractive to today’s youth. Of all the quotes available from the interviews with the co founders, there is a deliberate choice on behalf of _News.com.au_ to feature words such as ’emerging’, ‘prominent’, ‘innovate’, and ‘evolve’ that connote ideas of positive change and progression. This gives the impression that _MySpace_ is at the forefront of the online social networking phenomenon with millions of individuals flocking to be involved. These terms are deliberately chosen by _News Limited_ to appeal to advertisers who wish for their products to be seen and purchased by the â€Å"trend-setters† in society, and this will consequently benefit its parent, _News Corp_. The article also suggests the potential power MySpace has for advertisers in the future. â€Å"Mr DeWolfe said mobile advertising would be a lucrative fund source and video would take a more prominent place in the way people communicated and shared their art.† _(Gadd M, 2007)_ It should be noted that _News Corp.,_ along with other media conglomerates, is ultimately a commercial organisation. By using _News Limited_’s article to draw attention to the incredible infiltration ratio of _MySpace_ (four million unique accounts in Australia, and 50% of all internet users in America) _News Corp_ is securing advertisers’ interest in _MySpace_. The statement by Walt Disney Corporation CEO, Michael Eisner, is particularly powerful in demonstrating the reality of what drives media conglomerates: â€Å"We have no obligation to make history. We have no obligation to make art. We have no obligation to make a statement. To make money is our only objective.† _(Andrejevic M , 2007)_ Newspapers, TV networks and magazines rely on advertisers to finance their business, so to encourage advertisers to buy space in their publication they commodify and promote their audiences. According to Dallas Smythe â€Å"audiences are bought by advertisers on the basis on income, age, sex, ethnic and class specifications.† _(Stevenson N, 2002:10-11)_ Rupert Murdoch outlined his plans for the future of _MySpace_ in a 2006 interview at the Citigroup Entertainment, Media and Telecommunications Conference. He revealed that an instant messenger client with voice capabilities, increased worldwide penetration, and free video downloads were in the works. (The free video downloads have been successfully incorporated into the website since the interview.) Following this, Mr Murdoch said â€Å"We’ve got the biggest mass of unsold inventory. We have the third most page views of the Internet in America,† and explained that _News Corp_ had met with advertising networks to â€Å"judge whether they can sell it better than we can.† _(Burns E, 2006)_ In conclusion, the political economy theory, which highlights the a link between â€Å"ownership and †¦ content of media production† _(Stevenson N, 2002: 41)_, can be applied to the _News.com.au_ article about _MySpace_ to reveal how much ownership, among other things, can affect the information the public receives from mass media outlets. As demonstrated in the way that _News Limited_ portrayed _MySpace_ in a positive light for the economic benefit of its parent firm _News Corp,_ it is important for audiences to be aware of the political economy theory, and to detect not only bias but the possible reasons behind such bias in media texts they consume. BIBLIOGRAPHY Andrejevic M (2007) _The Mass Media: A Political Economic Approach._ Lecture slides for JOUR2211 Week 2. Available from https://my.uq.edu.au/blackboard_frame.html Accessed on 12/08/07 Burns E (2006) _Murdoch discusses future of MySpace.com._ Available from Accessed on 10/08/07 Gadd M (2007) _’Sky’s the limit’ for MySpace._ Available from Accessed on 10/08/07 Herman E S and Chomsky, Noam. (1988) _Manufacturing Consent: the Political Economy of the Mass Media_. New York: Pantheon Books Malick O (2006) _Why Murdoch Really Bought MySpace._ Available Accessed on 11/02/03 McQuail D (2002) _McQuails Reader in Mass Communication Theory._ Sage publications. Stevenson N (2002) Understanding Media Cultures: Social Theory and Mass Communication. Sage publications. pp10-11

All Shave

All Shave in Saudi Arabia I. Problem Statement All Shave company sold a majority of interest of its company to Almin family in Saudi Arabia and from then, All Shave’s sales have dropped constantly. II. Underlying Issue Should Almin family accept the Mike Lacey’s aggressive promotional strategy or instead increase its products quality? III. Relevant Facts A. Company History: All Shave 1) Until three years ago, the company had been successfully exporting razors and blades to Saudi Arabia 2) The All Shave Company was sold to the Almin family due to possiblefuture import restrictions. ) The contract with Almin family was specified that the Almin family would â€Å"actively promote All Shave products†. 4) Mike Lacey, All Shave’s Middle Eastern Manager, believes that Shave’s previous success has made by strong promotion. B. Company History: Almin Family 1) The Almin family is a one of leading company in Saudi Arabia’s steel industry. 2) The Almin f amily acquired the All Shave Company to expand their market field. 3) Mustafa Almin, the head of Almin family, believes that a good product was its own best advertisement. ) The Almin family claimed that the company was still making reasonable profit. C. Marketing Mix: 1) The All Shave products were being sold from the Almin Warehouses.. 2)The advertisement was limited to a few newspaper and posters distributed by the industrial sales reps. 3)No additional salespeople had been added for All Shave promotion. D. Competitors: 1)Mike Lacey argues that the present results achieved by their competitions are made by strong promotion. 2)Mustafa Almin did not agree and claimed that the competitors’ achievement is made by high quality products. )Mustafa feels that to approach to the local market is the little advertising and long participation. IV. Strategic Alternatives A. The Almin family can accept Mike’s suggestion and increase promotional activity and advertisement to incre ase the sales. B. The All Shave Company can trust on local company, Almin family, and make higher quality products. C. The All Shave Company can take back the company and rule as they would do with their other company however, the restriction in import could be crisis. D.Do more research: The All Shave Company could do more extend researchabout the local’s business culture and the strategies in the same field competitors. E. Do Nothing V. Criteria As Mustafa Almin said, the Saudi Arabian market is all about the quality of the products. He argued that people will go for the best quality products not the best advertisement product. VI. Selected Alternative and Why Alternative Strategy B seems to be the most effective alternative choice. To become a big part of local market, localize is main point.The local’s favor will not change in short time therefore; the company needs to adjust their products’ aspect and the market strategy to the local market. The Almin famil y has been in local market with constant success. The Almin family understands the business culture and had proven before. After all the All Shave Company wants to make higher sales and maximize profit. In order to do that, the All Shave needs to accept the business culture in Saudi Arabia and product high quality products even though it might take longer period.

Toni Morrison's Commencement Speech at Wellesly College on Adulthood Essay

Toni Morrison's Commencement Speech at Wellesly College on Adulthood - Essay Example When we talk about development, there are three phases- the future, the present and the past. The trick here is, to understand the realities of each phase face them and live each one of them with the greatest zeal. According to Toni Morrison, nothing gives one a more satisfactory feeling than becoming the adult at mind and heart- not in age. Age is inevitable and so is death, but adulthood is not! One can live being a child forever- immature, careless, insensitive and aimless. The beauty of being an adult is that one can work towards whatever he wants to achieve. Some people like Kardashian never grow up because they do not achieve maturity of the mind. Adulthood is about being content with the present, being happy about the bounties one has and working towards better every day. It is also about understanding the differences between generations and coming to a compromise to reduce discrepancy between generations. Furthermore, adulthood is the outcome of learning from experiences and mistakes that have been made during childhood and teenage, where the requirement is to acquire ample understanding of life from them. Morrison further clarifies this phenomenon by saying that adulthood in the global context requires one to make their story individualistic and different rather than just ordinary. Every adult has the opportunity to make at least his own circumstances different and personalized in the context of his individual circumstances. Morrison believes that every individual who is mature enough to be called an adult should have the tolerance and patience to bear problems and develop tolerance in oneself for others and for things that are out of one’s control. Instead of whining about a specific situation, one should make desirable effort to achieve results that would make things relatively better. Morrison believes that it is the

Building Your Company's Vision by Jim Collins & Jerry Porras Assignment

Building Your Company's Vision by Jim Collins & Jerry Porras - Assignment Example It is the sum of the characters of an organization which forms the infrastructure of the organization over the period of time. Core Ideology is the heritage of the founders or other eminent members of the organization leave behind which stays with the company forever. It shows where the organization stands, what is its purpose, and why does it exists. The most fundamental part of core ideology is the purpose of existence of the organization. Core ideology is not about the market trends or the customer needs. It is an internal organizational matter and it is not affected by the fluctuations and demands of the market. In a world of continuous change, core ideology is vital for the company to hold an organization and its personnel together at all times and makes it indifferent to the entire outside stimulus which may have the potential to hinder the company’s development. HP, Sony, Disney, Motorola, 3M and many other powerful companies have had focused and clear core ideologies w hich helped them pave their way to success. Core values are those lasting tenets of an organization which do not require any external justification or explanation. They exist for the company itself not for the market or the customers. They do not change according to the market trends but are formed on the basis of the values and beliefs of the people working in these organizations. Core values are not strategies for success but they are a handful of principles and rules passed on to generations which helps the company to last in the ever-changing business world. They do not change frequently if they change at all. Core values remain constant during times of environmental and social change as they are values of the people working inside an organization and behold their intrinsic beliefs and insights.  

Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Government - Essay Example This would politicize the entire education system since the appointed education leaders have to act in favor of the governor’s preference, but not in accordance with the people’s desire. An independent state elected board such as Texas Board of Education should play the role of overseeing and managing the education in states. This will help in bringing positive tension in the education system since the board will carry out its functions with independence from the political leaders such as the governors (Robelen, par. 4). I agree that governors are probably correct when they say that individuals look at them as the leaders of a state’s education system. Governors are usually involved in the leadership of the entire state, which implies that the governor acts as the head of education leaders of a state. Hence, he has to take part indirectly in the leadership of a state’s education. I have an opinion that decision making in education must be depoliticized. De-politicization of decision making in the education helps in the implementation of education policies through considering nonpolitical influence, which develops the education

IBM Mergers & Acquisitions - A critical analysis of the problems Essay

IBM Mergers & Acquisitions - A critical analysis of the problems occurred by major acquisitions - Essay Example Although commonly misinterpreted as one, merger and acquisition are two different business strategies in the sense that merger is the process of combining two or more business organizations which often occurs through the purchase acquisition of another business entity (InvestorWords 2011a) whereas acquisition is referring to the act of gaining control over a company by purchasing its stocks as a way of gaining the legal rights to take-over the business (InvestorWords 2011b; Hill and Hill 2005). As explained by Massoudi (2006, p. 19), it is important for IBM Tivoli to learn more about the market potential and profitability of acquiring another company like the BigFix by carefully examining the value of its IT technology and expertise IBM Tivoli could gain out of purchasing another company. As a strategy to improve IBM Tivoli’s security-related field, IBM has been continuously acquiring other IT companies that specializes in the development of IT security software. As IBM Tivoli ’s 11th acquired producers of security-related software, the company made its final decision to formalize its acquisition of the BigFix Inc. for the price of US$400 million (?263 million) back on the 1st of July 2010 (Diaz 2010; Hoffmann and Saitto 2010; IBM 2010; Rogers 2010). Founded back in 1997, the BigFix Inc. is a US-based company that specializes in the reduction of cost and complexity when managing network servers, personal computers and mobile system (Haikes 2011). In line with this, Amrit Williams – BigFix’s CTO stated that â€Å"BigFix is a leading global provider of high-performance system and security management software designed for the special needs of enterprise companies and that BigFix’s unified management platform provides the users with real-time visibility and control through the use of a single infrastructure, single agent, and single console for systems life cycle management, endpoint protection, security configuration, and vulnera bility management† (Winman 2010). Using relevant merger and acquisition theories, this report will identify and critically analyze the merger and acquisition problems that occurred when IBM Tivoli decided to acquire BigFix Inc. To give the readers a better idea about this research topic, this report will discuss the significance of merger and acquisition towards the business success of IBM Tivoli followed by discussing the common internal and external factors that may lead to merger and acquisition failure. Based on the actual business experiences of IBM Tivoli after acquiring the BigFix Inc., this report will evaluate whether or not the act of acquiring the BigFix Inc. has been a good business decision or not. Significance of Merger and Acquisition towards the Business Success of IBM Tivoli’s Decision to Acquire BigFix Inc. In general, the main purpose of entering into merger and acquisition is not limited to the need to increase IBM Tivoli’s market shares but a lso in terms of obtaining critical mass, expanding its geographic business coverage, increase the quality and widens the scope of IBM Tivoli’s IT-products and services, improve the company’s existing competitive advantages and improve its existing diversified portfolio (IBM 2011b). Applicable to desktops, servers, and laptops, Diaz (2010) reported that IBM Tivoli’s decision to acquire BigFix will enable IBM Tivoli offer BigFix’

Landscape Photography Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Landscape Photography - Assignment Example When you want to create the landscape photograph, you are suppose to look for predominant features to be the center of interest for example, when photographing landscape and the sun is setting, the center of interest will be sun. When taking a photograph you must choose the color of the day. Try to go out and make the images of that color the dominant element to an image. Find more different ways to possibly perform that. Also choose the shape and create images which will use the shape in a way that is interesting. This could the encompass in architecture, an art, or a juxtaposition of the multiple structures. The reflection of a photograph is a powerful element; reflection could be looked as the element in the work of taking photograph whether in landscape or portrait or the still life. Before you start composing the still-life of an image, the first thing to decide is the subject. The common subjects of the still-life images are natural objects like flowers, sea shell, leaves, birds nest, food, and many more that are man-made items. The still-life shoot is usually inspired by the color of a certain fruits in seasons, the light beauty falling to a collection of things like wine corks, or even the memory of the mothers using the old sets of dishes. Still-life photograph is commonly used in advertisement for example, showing a case of a product. When you select the main subject, start assembling your set for example by arranging the subject and any other item that may bring the factors of composition to the surface on which the photograph is to be taken. This can be achieved through setting the necessary lights, reflectors and any other equipment. Place the major subjects set first; then build the composition by removing or adding the objects until there is achievement of desired

[Love] American Movies in 1980's through today (2012) Research Paper

[Love] American Movies in 1980's through today (2012) - Research Paper Example Science fiction movies started booming in the film industry. The basis of science fiction was dystopian society. Movies in this category include Escape from New York, Tech nourish Blade Runner and Back to Future trilogy. Largely, the main of fiction movies was the young audience who wanted to associate with modern trends. Another movie trend observed in 1980s was thriller movies, which include Fatal Attraction, Cult Classic blue Velvet, Body Heat, and Shinning. History has it that Cult Classic Blue Velvet of 1986 attracted a large audience following its classic performance. Another category of movies was fantasy films which sprang back to chart boards. Sorcery and sword was the centre of their plot and play. The performance included Excalibur, Dragon slayer and most successful fantasy movie of 1982, Conan the Barbarian starred by Arnold Schwarzenegger. In addition, The Princess Bride and Sword trended in the late 1980s. Others in the late 1980s and early 1990s include Sorcerer, Disney Return, and Oz. Drama and horror movies characterized the 1980s performance in the film industry (Dirks). Rain Man and Out of Africa trended in drama category. Horror movies included Crocodile Dundee II. Action films focused on the Vietnam War and policing system. Movies such as Rambo: First Blood Part II, Platoon, and Missing in Action topped the category. In 1990s, science and fiction dominated the film industry. Titanic moved the heart of many people in 1997 and towards the end of twentieth century. Other that trended in 1990s include Toy story in 1995, Saving Pirate Ryan 1998, Jurrasic Park in 193 and Home Alone in 1990. Action continued in 1990s, but many people preferred science and fiction. Drama also attracted many people who like going to the theatre. In 2000s was a new era in the movie industry. The advent of You Tube, Google, Amazon, Craigslist, and Blogosphere changed the sense of movies in the society. Disaster such as 9/11/2001, bombing, influenced

Hardware and software Essay Example for Free

Hardware and software Essay Angela and David need to buy a computer. They plan to use it to produce letters and newsletters, to create a website, to keep the club accounts, to record members of the club, and to detail stockists of tandems in their area. They have never bought a computer before and have around i 1800 to spend on both hardware and software. Hardware Main Processing Unit The work they will be doing on the computer is not the most demanding for a computer, so the specification of it will not need to extremely high. I would recommend a fast, budget processor, like a Celeron or Duron. These are cheaper than Pentiums and Athlons and for the tasks Angela and David are carrying out, they will not notice much difference in performance. A clock speed of 1000-1500Mhz would be sufficient for their needs. On the memory front, I would recommend 256Mb of memory, as it is an amount that would make Microsoft Windows XP and Office XP run smoothly, and it is also the standard requirement for most modern software programs. The memory will also be useful as it will allow a large number of files, in this case web pages and graphics, to be open at one time. A motherboard will be needed, and it will need to be compatible with the processor and memory chosen. There will need to be a sound card and a video card, and as they will not be using these to use graphics intensive programs, such as games, I would suggest that they chose a motherboard with these already built in. into the motherboard to keep costs down. It will need to contain several different types of ports. There will need to be around 4 USB ports (for various peripherals, e. g.digital camera, scanner, printer), a parallel port (for the printer or scanner), two PS2 ports (one each for the keyboard and mouse), and a serial port (some digital cameras still connect his way). This will give them a choice of connection options and extra peripherals. A modem will be needed to connect to the Internet. I would recommend an internal modem as it takes up less room and does not require plugging into the mains. The modem will need to be a normal dial-up modem, not ADSL or cable, as they do not require broadband. The modem will need to be a 56K modem to increase speeds. I would also recommend the V92 standard of 56k modem, which has a faster upload speed than previous standards, so they spend less time uploading their website. An ISP will also be needed. There are many different ones, but I would advocate the use of a free ISP, where you only pay for the calls, as it does not appear that they will be using the Internet to such an extent where a subscription-based unlimited service would work out cheaper. The ISP also needs to have web space for the users, so the Tandem Club website can be uploaded. Freeserve is an example of an ISP that does this. Input Devices The keyboard and mouse are standard for any Windows computer. In this case, both will need to be connected to the PC via the PS2 port. I would recommend an ergonomic mouse with a scroll wheel, as this aids computer usage a great deal. The keyboard should be comfortable to use for Angela and David, but a normal keyboard should be recommended for them, rather than the peculiarly shaped ergonomic ones, which would be a little awkward to understand for a beginner. I would also recommend a scanner. This will aid them in creating their newsletters and web pages. Photographs of their cycle rides and social gatherings could be scanned and inserted into their documents. Signatures can also be scanned in. For their usage, I would recommend a plain, low-priced flatbed scanner, as these are very simple to use and will do what they need it to. It does not need to be high definition, just around 600dpi, and it does not need a high colour depth. This is because images on the web are compressed and lose quality, and the images in the newsletters will be small. A digital camera would also be a good idea as it will allow them to quickly get images into the computer, without going through the trouble of scanning them. They would only require basic functionality from it, so one costing around i 100 would be adequate. Output Devices The monitor is a very important part of the computer set-up as it is the way the user knows what the computer is doing. As Angela and David will be spending quite a while looking at the monitor, I would recommend a fairly large 17-inch model, as this will make computing easier as it is easier on the eyes and reduced the need for scrolling up and down. Angela and David will need a printer in order to produce hard copies of their documents. I would recommend an inkjet printer, with a fairly high resolution (around 1200dpi) so that they can change between the different resolutions they need. They also need one that is economical to run, which have replacement cartridges that are inexpensive to replace. Speakers would also be a good idea, as they will open up other uses of the computer in the future, such as digital music, internet browsing, controlling Windows, and multimedia applications. Storage The computer will need a hard drive, to store all of the data from the various programs on it. For the needs of David and Angela, I would advocate the use of a 40Gb hard drive. This will allow plenty of room for them to store their programs, documents and images. As they are novices, this size of hard drive will take an extremely long time to fill up, if ever, which is good for them as it means they do not have to worry about technical matters inside the computer. In order to install the software that they will need, a CD drive is obligatory. They are quite cheap and I would recommend a 52-speed drive, which means that data is read from it extremely quickly, reducing the time needed. The couple have no need for a DVD drive, as they do not require viewing of DVD Video discs or DVD software. Although floppy disk drives are an old technology, I think that the Williams computer will need one. This will allow them to create backups of their files, providing they are not too large, and it will also allow them to distribute images to other members of the Tandem Club. Software Operating System. All computers require an operating system and usually comes pre-installed, and in this instance, I would recommend Microsoft Windows XP Home Edition. This new version is more stable than previous versions, and offers a lot help to the user, which will aid them in getting to grips with computing. It also comes with a number of built in applications, such as Microsoft Internet Explorer 6, Outlook Express 6, FrontPage Express (needed for web pages), a number of utilities, such as Disk Defragmenter, and inbuilt games, like Minesweepers. It is also compatible with a large amount of software, equipment and utilities. This costs i 164 alone, but it costs a lot less when pre-installed. Office Suite The Williams need to create several different types of document with their computer, such as letters, newsletters and accounts. Several different types of programmes would be needed to create these, such as word processing and DTP, but these are often bundled together into an office suite. There are several different ones, such as StarOffice and Lotus SmartSuite, but the one I would recommend is Microsoft Office, in particular, Office XP Standard Edition. This suite contains most of the software David and Angela need; Word, a word-processing program, for letters, Excel, a spreadsheet package, for the accounts, and Outlook, a contact management and e-mail program, for keeping the details of club members and tandem stockists. It also contains a good help system, and as it is widely used, there is a lot of documentation in shops and many computer magazines give advice on it, which is helpful if you are having difficulty. Microsoft Office XP Standard costs around i 300, but if either David or Angela were teachers, or had children in education, they would qualify for the discounted Student and Teacher price. Other Applications In order for David and Angela to create their web pages, they will need to use a web page editing program, such as FrontPage Express, which is bundled with Internet Explorer for free. On the subject of web pages, they will need a program to create graphics, and to process the images received from the scanner or digital camera. I would recommend the purchase of Paint Shop Pro, an image-editing program, which is bundled with Animation Shop, which creates animated graphics for the Internet. Paint Shop Pro can work with scanners, which would be useful in this case, and contains image enhancement, optimisation for the web. This costs i 65 for the version 7, the latest, but I would recommend an older version, such as 6, which will be a little simpler to use, and will carry out most of the functions that the newer version does for less money. Version 5 of Paint Shop Pro, although extremely functional, is often given away on the covers of computing magazines for around i 5, so this would be a useful way to save money. In order to create newsletters, a desktop publishing program is needed. There are many different programs of this type, such as Microsoft Publisher, Adobe PageMaker and Greenstreet Publisher. In this case, I would advise the Williams to purchase Microsoft Publisher 2002. It contains wizards and templates to aid in the creation of newsletters, as well as other documents like posters. As it is part of the Microsoft Office XP family, the interface is very similar, so it will be easy to get to grips with if they understand other Office products. This costs around i 100. Health and Safety Angela and David will need to be aware of health and safety issues before using their computer. Set-up Do not force cables into ports   Keep cables tidy, neat, and out of the way   Do not turn on the electricity before all the cables are in. Usage Organise an electrical safety check at least once a year Use an adjustable chair with backrest   Use a wrist support   Take regular breaks from the computer. Position the computer correctly   Do not consume food or drink near a computer. Adjust position in seat so arms are horizontal, mouse is in easy reach and eyes are level with top of VDU.   Follow instructions on consumables like printer ink and dispose of them correctly.   Install a screen filter to protect from eye strain   Keep the screen clean with anti-static screen cleaning solution, not polish to reduce glare   Adjust position of computer and monitor to reduce glare from lighting Upgrading   When upgrading the computer, always turn the power off, be gentle, and take anti-static precautions, e. g. anti-static mat William Neale 11MC.

Samsung Electronics Marketing Essay Example for Free

Samsung Electronics Marketing Essay SAMSUNG MOBILE Samsung Electronics (Mobile Division) operates in one of the most competitive markets of the world. According to the US Federal Communication Commission 67 new Smartphone devices are introduced every year. Samsung traditionally had a conservative image that focused on low-price products for the lower end of the market. With low prices it was able to compete in the lower-market whereas in the upper market it had lesser penetration. To penetrate the upper-market Samsung had to give up their lower-market position and focus on innovation and perceiving a higher brand value. SEGMENTATION GEOGRAPHIC It has Samsung Guru Segment for rural areas as well as Galaxy segment for urban areas. Samsung is one of the largest manufacturers of mobile phones and it shares the highest cell phone customers with Nokia in India. It has something for everyone. Urban: Targeting urban youth with many handsets. Built in mobile features like 3G, wifi, GPS different operating systems. Price range RS 1000 and above. Rural: It has a better brand image in rural market. Samsung recently tied up with the Indian Farmers Fertilizer Cooperative. (IFFCO0 for rural telephony. Special applications for rural market. Hinglish Messaging. Price range 1000-5000 DEMOGRAPHIC Age: 15-21 21-35 35-60 60 and above Price Rs 1000-10000 1000-20000 1000-35000 1000-10000 53 Handsets 68 Handsets 72 Handsets 53 Handsets Family Size: 1-2, 3-4, 5+ members Gender: Males All categories except Samsung Pink Phones. Females Specially designed Samsung Pink Phones e.g Samsung B3310 pink, F48o Tocco pink, J700 pink, U900 Soul pink, L770 pink, U600 pink, G600 pink and F480 Tocco. Social class: Middle class (Youth), Upper class (businessman) Lower class (workers) PSYCHOGRAPHIC Samsung came with some so fancy mobile phones specially for girls and cheaper touch screen stylish phones so that everyone can enjoy touch screen The rate of normal mobiles. Samsung has its range of mobile phones start from 1200to 32,000+. Value offers various operating systems like Android, Windows Mobile for customers to choose for. -excellent after sales service having service centers in all over India. functions rich phones atlow price, e.g Samsung GT- 3213 -Samsung App store Conscious Samsung has good mouth publicity High Techno Savvy Samsung provides latest technologies for it’s high techno savvy customers. Low techno Savvy Samsung provides various mobiles for low techno savvy customers like essential phones. BEHAVIORAL HOW LOYAL?: Good brand image form other electronic products. Value for Money Product Many service centers across India. SOCIO-ECONOMIC Low Income Middle Income Higher Income Price 1000 – 5000 Price 5000 – 15000 Price 15000 – 35000 35 Products 48 Products 11 Products TARGETING After segmenting the market based on the different groups and classes, the targets need to be chosen. Samsung mobiles have the following target customers: Trendy young people. Professionals. Large businesses. The common cellular phone users. Organizations such as: services to public safety, the government, and both utility and manufacturing enterprises. Institutional sales for colleges. Target is not only number driven but also about acquiring and retaining customers. POSITIONING Positioning is about the customer perception about the brand as being different from the other brands on specific dimension including product attributes. The strategies adopted by Samsung to position itself in the  Mobile Phone market are as follows: It focuses more on the real margin which comes from mid-to-high-end segments Samsung Concept Store Market making category creation in small towns Wider Care Network Access to Samsung care line Pioneering in the 3G segment of mobile phones. Branded itself as a synonym for quality. Created a Unique Brand Image for itself as a high end value driven brand.

The Inequalities In UK Mental Health

The Inequalities In UK Mental Health Introduction and definitions: The World Health Organization (WHO) has defined the mental health as: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½A state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her communityà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (1). According to NHS website every year in the UK, more than 250,000 people are admitted to psychiatric hospitals and over 4,000 people commit suicide (2). Mental health inequality is a long standing problem that has been tackled for decades by epidemiologists, sociologists and health professionals. And because this problem has both strong social and medical aspect there is no unified approach to identification and resolution. From Sociologists viewpoint inequality with mental health is a problem that has two main explanations: people are poor because they have mentally illness that makes them unable to keep work probably (social selection), or they become mentally ill under the stress of being poor (social causation). However, in modern psychiatry other factors are believed to involve in the etiology such as genetic factors, diet, and hormonal disturbance which interact with personality disorders or emotional state to produce mental illness. The problem of inequality is not only about the present of a true mental illness but it is possible to expand the definition of mental health inequality to include everyday feelings which is considered by United Kingdom Department of Health to be a public health indicator: How people feel is not an elusive or abstract concept, but a significant public health indicator; as significant as rates of smoking, obesity and physical activity (3) The table below gives examples of those factors that promote or reduce opportunities for sound mental health (4): PROTECTIVE FACTORS INTERNAL EXTERNAL à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Good physical health à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ High self esteem à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Learning ability à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Good conflict management à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ early and positive bonding and attachment experience à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ make relationships and ability to maintain or break them à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ acceptance feeling à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ good communication skills à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Availability of the basic needs such as shelter and food, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ validation by the community à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ support from surrounding social network à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ present of role models à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ job security à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ good education level à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ feeling secure à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ political stability VULNERABILITY FACTORS INTERNAL EXTERNAL à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ congenital diseases or disability à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ low self-esteem or social status à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ sexuality problems à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ relationships problems à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ feeling of isolation à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ institutionalisation à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ lack of essential needs food , heat , housing .. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ loss and separation experience à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ violence or abuse experience à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ substance abuse à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ psychiatric disorder runs in family à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ discrimination à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ unemployment peer pressure à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ pressure from value systems à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ poverty Table 1: factors that affect good mental health What is the evidence on mental health inequalities? Socio-economic status: Many Community-based epidemiological studies showed an inverse relationship between Socio-economic status and rates of schizophrenia. Saraceno found that the current prevalence (calculated up to one-year prevalence) of the schizophrenia among low-SES is higher than people of high-SES with a ratio of 3.4, and when calculated to lifetime prevalence it is 2.4à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (5), and in Britain, suicides rates among people from lower SES nearly double that of high-SES (6). There are five hypotheses to explain this relation (7)(8): 1: Economic stress. The mental illness is a speci?c outcome of the stress related to economic problems, such as unemployment, poverty, and housing unaffordability. 2: Family fragmentation. The inverse SESà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½mental illness correlation is a function of the fragmentation of family structure and lack of family supports. 3: Geographic drift. Individuals movement from communities of subsequent to their initial hospitalization leads to inverse SESà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½mental illness correlation (8). 4: Socioeconomic drift. Low employment rate related to initial hospitalization of lower SES communities. 5: Intergenerational drift. Can be explained as following à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½The inverse SESà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½mental illness correlation is a function of declines in community SES levels of hospitalized adolescents between their ?rst hospitalization and their most recent hospitalization after turning 18à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (8) Age: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ In elderly: In a report for NIMHE (National Institute for Mental Health in England) (9 cited by 21) .the following point regarding mental health problems in elderly has been noticed: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The number of older people with symptoms of mental problems in the UK is about 3 millions. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 10-15% of older people could be diagnosed by depression when applying the approved clinical criteria. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ About 5% of people aged over 65 and 20% over 80 are affected by dementia à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The economic cost of dementia in elderly is about à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4.3 billion per year , this is more than the cost for heart disease ,stroke, cancer combined à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ the above numbers are expected to rise by a third in the next 15 years Mental health problems in elderly are more likely to go undiagnosed. Even where they are recognized, they are often poorly managed (10). The UK inquiry into mental health in later life (11) listed five factors that affect the mental health of elderly: relationships; contribution in meaningful activity; physical health (capacity to do everyday tasks); discrimination (by age or culture); and poverty. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ in children : WHO states that the building an effective mental health policy for child and adolescent requires first deep understanding of mental health problems among children and adolescentsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½(12) There is an evidence that levels of distress and dysfunction during childhood are considerably high between 11 per cent and 26 per cent, while the severe cases that require interventions are around 3à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6 per cent of people under 16 years of age (13,14). Emotionally disturbed children are exposed to abuse or neglect in their family of origin, with estimates up to 65 per cent (15). Gender: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Women and Mental Health It is proved that mental health problems are more common among women than men with a higher incidence rates of depressive disorder than men (16). There are many factors to explain this, first: Socio-economic problems such as poor housing conditions and poverty cause greater stress and fear of future amongst women. lack of confidence and self-esteem may be the results of educational factors such negative school experiences , Living in unsafe neighborhoods cause stress and anxiety amongst women , another common problem is addiction on prescription medications (for depressive and sleeping disorders) leads to more stress and anxiety. (16). à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Men and Mental Health In today world Men tend to be more susceptible to mental health problems than ever before especially suicide, some possible reasons for this are (17): à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Men in general are less likely to discuss their feelings or problems or even to admit that they may have depression. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Comparing to women, fewer men look for help when having mental problems. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The impact of unemployment on men is deeper in general. Some mental disorders are more serious in men. For example suicide is considered to be a leading cause of mortality among young men age group(18). Suicide rate is especially high in poor communities for men from age group 10-24 comparing to the same age group in wealthy communities. It is known also that the onset of schizophrenia is earlier in men and the clinical outcomes are poorer (18). Risk groups for mental illness in men include (19): à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Older men: many of them are less willing to benefit of provided health services because of the perception that these services are for older women. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Divorced men à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ because of the lack of support available from their families, and services directed to meet the needs of this group. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Male victims of domestic abuse à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ especially boys in rural areas. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Gay and bisexual men à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ few services are available to assist this group to deal with problems such as homophobic bullying and harassment. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Sexual abuse victims, again insufficient support is provided for males of this group. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Fathers à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ this is mainly due to stresses of parenthood combined with less support services when comparing to those available to mothers. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Mourning men à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ With no or very few appropriate services specifically designed to men who have undergone bereavement. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Men living in rural areas à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ obviously due to difficulty in getting access to proper support services. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Offenders of young age group à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ less psychological services are available in juvenile justice centres in spite of the fact that there are high numbers of young Offenders who actually have mental health problems needed to be taken care of. Ethnic group: The à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Count me inà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ report by Commission for Healthcare Audit and Inspection ( 20) noted differences in admission rates among different ethnic groups for example that rates were lower in white British ,Chinese and Indian comparing to the national average , while in Bangladeshi and Pakistani group the rates were around the national average , the highest rates (more than three times higher than average) were found in minority black groups (African and Caribbean) and in Mixed groups (White/Black African or White/Black Caribbean). Employment Status and Mental Health It is well-known that getting a job is a protective factor regarding mental illness (21). But this is not always true. As Wilkinson (22) noted that jobs which are insecure or do not achieve the required level of satisfaction could have negative effects equal to that of unemployment. The main factors that cause this are (21): stress associated with fear of job loss, feeling of imbalance between effort and reward and inability to control job circumstances, stressful relationship with colleagues and bosses, cases of harassment or bullying. All this factors can lead ultimately to serious mental health illness. On the other hand, According to OSC Health Inequalities Review (23) people with a mental illness have five times lesser chance to get a job, and if they are already working they become more likely to be fired, financially this group has in general lesser income (twice times chance than the general population) and more likely to depend on invalidity benefits. It is noticed that among mental disorders psychotic illness has the worse impact on employment rates which decline in this group to only one in four. Geographic variation: Studies result on geographic variation of mental illness are inconsistent , for example Hollie (24) has concluded that regarding mental problems it is possible to see notable variation at the household level but this variations do not exist in postcode units , and there is no proven connection with geographical accessibility or quality of residential environment Hollie noticed also that in common mental illnesses the psychosocial environment has greater importance than the physical environmentà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Another example comes from a recent Swedish study of 4.4 million adults found that with increasing levels of urbanisation; there was a notable rise in the incidence rates of psychosis and depression (25). Another study by Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution shows that people from densely populated areas had a 68-77% and 12-20% higher risk of developing any psychotic illness and depression respectively when compared to a control group in rural areas. Within urban areas the rates for psychoses map closely those for deprivation and the size of a city also matters; in London schizophrenia rates are about twice those in Bristol or Nottingham (26,27). Disability and Mental Health: Definition: According to Disability Discrimination Act (1995) (DDA) (28) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½A person has a disability if he has a physical or mental impairment which has substantial and long-term adverse affect on his ability to carry out normal day to day activitiesà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ In the light of this definition we can focus on mental health inequality of three groups of people (21): à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ People suffer socio-economic disadvantage caused by stigma and discrimination associated with their mental health problems. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ People with both physical disabilities and mental health problems. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ People with physical disabilities, whose experience discrimination and stigma because of their physical impairment and become mentally ill because of this experience. Disabled people are more likely to experience stress and emotional instability than those who are not disabled. a report by the Equality Commission for Northern Ireland (29) had found that when surveyed 52% of disabled people had experienced high levels of stress in the last 12 months comparing to 34% of people who are not disabled , and when it comes to depression disabled women have a higher rate of depression than disabled men with 44% comparing to 34% Conclusion: Inequality in mental health is as important as any other form of health inequality, however the interaction between social and personal level in mental illness makes it more difficult to address different kinds of mental health Inequalities associated with it. Question 2: word count (2000) Tackling inequalities in mental health Introduction: Many researchers agree that mental illness could be considered one of the fundamental social and health determinants, and it is difficult to separate these both sides because in most cases social exclusion and social inequalities are both cause and consequence of mental disorders (30) Some studies refer particularly to two characteristics that distinguish mental illnesses when it comes to public health problems (30): first they are the recent high rates of incident and second is the early onset which affect much younger age group comparing to other health problems Mental health diseases have two distinct characteristics as a public health problem: first very high rates of prevalence; secondly : onset is usually at a much younger age than for other health problem , Mental health diseases effects all aspects of peopleà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s lives : personal relationships, employment, income and educational performance. (31,32) Who is at risk for mental health problems? Defining risk groups enables policies makers to determine how to manage available resources to achieve better health equality. Furthermore, these groups are the main targets for health equality promotional programs. A review of recent evidences on mental health inequalities can help to define the large groups at risk (33): à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ People living in institutional settings: such as care homes or those in secure care or subject to detention. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ People living in unhealthy settings and who may not be reached by traditional health care such as veterans or the homeless. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ People with physical and/or mental illness, people misusing drugs, people with alcohol problems, people who are victims of violence and abuse. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½children whose parents have problems with alcohol or with drugs, children whose parents have a mental illness and looked after and accommodated children, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ People from groups who experience discrimination. Key policies: These policies can be long term policies focusing on deep change over a long period or short term seeking fast results such as health promotion. Long term aims: Inequalities in mental health are not only about equality of access, but also about the quality of access. In the year 2009 Mental Health Foundation has published a report on resilience and inequalities in mental health (Mental Health, Resilience and Inequalities) (30, 34) This report mentioned four points that should be consider as priorities: 1- Factors that support the life of the families mainly the Social, cultural and economic conditions: This can be done by reduce child poverty , parenting skills training and high quality preschool education , providing secure places for the children to play in particularly outdoors, and cooperation between the different governmental agencies to compact violence and sexual abuse. 2- Establishing an educational system that can effectively support children on both emotional and economical scale by: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Schools health promoting programs, involving teachers, pupils, parents and working with families to enhance the home learning environment (HLE). à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Taking steps to encourage sport activities and social events beside academic performance. 3- Reduce unemployment and poverty levels to reduce their negative effect on mental health, and while this is not an easy goal but the steps that could be taken my include: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Supporting efforts to improve pay, work conditions and job security. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Taking advantages of workplace based support by early detecting and caring of personal problems or psychiatric symptoms before developing into serious stages. . 4- Tackle economic and social problems, which cause the psychological distress. Such as housing/transport problems, isolation, debt, beside that art and leisure centres can help to reduce stress too. However, these strategies take a long time to be effective, that means the need for more rapid actions or short term aims. Short term aims: Mental health promotion: To build an effective strategy to promotion for health equality the following points should be achieved (30,35). à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Comprehensive: promotion of mental Health is not only the responsibility of health services alone; other sectors of society should join that effort. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Based on evidence à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Responding to the needs of the local communities, and with the agreement of these communities. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Under continuous assessment: The strategy should undergo critical evaluation and can be changes should be made when necessary. A good example of such strategy is the Mental health national evidence based standards which have been issued by The National Service Framework for Mental Health (36). The idea of these standards is to deal with mental health discrimination and compact social exclusion in patients with mental illness. And that can be achieved by promotion: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Increase the awareness about the importance of mental health in the society à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Take strong position against discrimination affecting individuals with mental illness, and promote the steps that make the social inclusion possible for them. Tackling inequalities for special risk groups: The Suicide prevention strategy: One of the best example is the strategy based on work by The NSPSE (National Suicide Prevention Strategy for England), the report was the result of literature review of suicide prevention programs around the world and has reached the following goals (38): 1. To identify and work on people with the highest suicidal risk. 2. To raise the awareness about mental well-being in the society . 3. To target common suicide methods and limits the possibility to get access to such methods if possible. 4. Work with the media for better coverage of suicidal behaviour and its dangers. 5. Support the research for better understanding of suicide and the possible way to reduce it. 6. To evaluate the steps taken to achieve lower rates of suicide. Women and Mental Health: Preventing: The results of UK-based survey (38 cited by 21) shows that mental health services for women: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Do not respond to special need of mental health in women. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Can be unequal. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Sometimes prove to be unsafe for women. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ May not reflect to the gender effects on social inequalities, which present in deferent levels such as class and race. However, in their response to a survey conducted in England and Wales (38), women said that they services should: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Provide Sense of Security for them. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Encourage the feelings of independence and ability to make choices and control their life again. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Try to identify and deal with the real causes beyond the stress and the problems they face not only the symptoms of these problems. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ support motherhood by directly address this group problems, such as suitable accommodation, jobs opportunities, education. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Embrace their inner strength and potentials of recovery. These points are crucial to build a need-based action plan for better equality in health services. Men and Mental Health: Preventing: The Equal Minds conference workshop which had special focus on men and mental health listed some changes to the support services that make these services more related and directed to solve men mental health issues: (21): à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ the services should be designed especially for men and with easy access in mind , this include both the place and timing of the selected service , for example choosing places that men usually meet in , or including sport activities or introducing programs that run only by men à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Holistic approach, works on the person as a whole, not just on mental health. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Early intervention to prevent anxieties and concerns build up, especially in stress and anger management. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Trust and confidence are vital to solve problems of identity and role which can cause a lot of stress and self-image problems in men. Ethnicity and Mental Health: Preventing: One of the main problems in this group is the accessibility to the mental health services due to many factors such as: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Linguistic communication. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Stereotypic approach to their problems. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Ignorance about the importance of mental health. Sashidharan in his report titled: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Inside Outsideà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (39 cited by 21) discussed the mental health services provided for black and minority ethnic groups in England and Wales. And he noticed that these services are different when comparing to services provided to the majority white population in some aspects: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Patients are less likely to receive specialist mental care. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Patients are more likely to undergo obligatory admission (there are differences exist between different ethnic groups and different age groups). à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Patients are more likely to be wrongly diagnosed. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Patients are more likely to be treated with psychiatric drugs and Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), more than receiving talking therapies. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ To have higher readmission rates and stay for longer in hospitals. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ To be admitted to secure care/forensic environments. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Their social care and psychological needs are less likely to be addressee within the care planning process. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ To have worse outcomes. A strategic approach in Ethnicity and Mental Health: In England and Wales a framework has been developed for action for à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½delivering race equalityà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ in mental health (40 cited by 21) The framework introduces three points which are essential to reach the targets of better services and results in mental health problems in minority ethnic groups, these points are: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Providing high quality Information services. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ To insure that the provided services are easy to access and can respond quickly to minority groupsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ needs. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Involve the community in the efforts toward better mental health. In other words any approach should take in consider both quality of health services and the already existing socio-economic inequalities that ethnic groups may face. Some suggested steps for this approach may include (21): à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Providing interpretation and translation services beside mental health service to insure highest possible quality. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Adopting equalities practice in mental health services, that mean better understanding for cultural identity, the impact of racism, and culture differences in the ways people express of mental stress. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Researching better tools and assessment measures that can better assess patients from different backgrounds and ethnicities. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Ensuring that services understand and respect spiritual requirements for different cultures. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Ensuring access equality to services that more culturally accepted including, counseling, psychotherapy and advocacy. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Addressing common problems of black and minority communities, such as housing, employment, welfare benefits, and child-care. Disability and Mental Health: people with disabilities may experience high levels of socio-economic disadvantage due to discrimination and stigma , this group need a special interest regarding mental health services , they are liable for what Rogers and Pilgrim (41) described :à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½inequalities created by service provisionà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. Mental health services for disable people should be customized to their needs, some recommendations for such services may include: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Promotion for well-being, mental health, and living with disability. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Early intervention: for people who show symptoms for possible mental illness. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Personalised care based on individuals wishes and needs. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Stigma: work for better social inclusion and try to deal with problems associated with stigma and discrimination associated with some disabilities. Elderly and mental health: In order to achieve better equality for this group, policy makers should insure better access to mental health services in the first place. In the year 2005 the Department of Health introduced a report titled à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Securing Better Mental Health for Older Adultsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (42) to launch a new program to enhance the levels of services provided for elderly suffering mental illnesses or problems, this report promoted for a new policy that depends on two important steps: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Ensuring equality in the provided mental services; that means that the availability of these services should depend on the actual need for it not on selective age groups. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The approach of these services should be Holistic and personalized to meet both mental and physical needs for older age group. Here, it is essential to emphasis the importance of specialist mental health service for older adults. Sexual Orientation and Mental Health: In this group health promotion plays a prominent role to address the mental problems associated with sexual orientation. PACE organization has published practice guidelines for mental health services working with lesbian, gay and bisexual people (43 cited by 21). The guidelines suggest that these services should especially designed to meet the needs of LGB people, examples of such services include particularly counseling and advocacy. In response to these guidelines and other studies about LGB such as (44 cited by 21). Mental health services for LGB people should: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Deal with the problems of heterosexism and homophobia that this group frequently faces. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Raise the community awareness about the problems that this group suffer especially social exclusion and discrimination. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The services directed to LGBT people should be able to interact effectively with this group à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½culturally competentà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. Preventing in Mental Health Problems: People with mental health problem are in need for à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½resilience factorsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ which may be the only way to heal from mental distress and to fight the stigma and discrimination they frequently face (21), we can name some of these factors such as confiding relationships, social networks, self-determination, financial security, however, support health services are essential for individual recovery and to achieve socially inclusive à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½accepting communitiesà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (45). Examples for these services can be found in à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½report on Mental Health and Social Exclusionà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ which has been introduced by Social Exclusion Unit. The report included a 27-point Action Plan especially designed to deal with discrimination and stigma (21). In this action plan the health and social care services play an decisive role to fight the problem of social exclusion and provide the proper support for community and families, this support may include help to find better accommodation, and provide financial (46). Beyond this report, it is essential that policy makers be aware of connection between inequalities and mental health as a result and a cause, this will encourage more holistic approach that aim prevention at the long run. Conclusion: It is essential to put the different recommendations on mental health inequalities into everyday practice , for example a recent study by Glasgow Centre for Population Health found that policies are not driving practice for effective reduction in inequalities levels in mental health within primary care, and the primary care organization studied is not Contributive to tackle inequalities in mental health. (47). For that reason, it is the responsibility of government, health services and health professionals to put these strategies and plans into action to insure a better and healthier society.

Writing :: Personal Narrative Writing Education Essays

Writing Mountains are tall. If you are stupid enough to jump off one you fall fast and you land hard. The five-paragraph theme is my mountain and I have just jumped right off it. There don't seem to be any outcroppings to grab for, and my assignment is to discuss my cliff as I continue to drop from it. So I will not grab. I will let myself fall, and hope for pillows at the end. I feel lost without my introduction to conclusion formula started at the beginning of this paper. Why do I have to do this assignment? Oh, I understand that I need to break a mold that has been added to, layer upon dreadful layer, for the past eight years or so. The only problem isHOW? I think that what I am feeling is not unique to me, and that the instructor will more than likely read these same words a dozen times in other fonts. I do not want to spend my entire paper feeling sorry for myself and wasting paper complaining that the answer to my question is not right under my nose. I would pity my reader. I would also hope that I am a stronger writer than that. Strong writers should be able to get beyond the theme. I propose that the theme is no more than a weak writer's response to demands tired English teachers put on them, or a Lazy Writer's cop out. The theme is easy. We know how it works and we crank it out like so many machines. My question is this: what normal everyday Joe in his right mind would not take the easy route to writing a paper? There is no reason to make things harder than they have to be, especially when the teacher will spend a minimal amount of time on whatever you write, whether it took you five minutes or five hours. Lots of readers like to be spoon fed, and the theme is a handy ladle. It's when you try to pour directly from the sauce pan that you are Getting Beyond The Theme. The only time I have ever Gotten Beyond The Theme is on those rare occasions where I get a burst of creativity in class or at home, and the grades I usually get on these Creative Masterpieces are mediocre at best. I must have forgotten my parachute.

Label Pro :: Essays Papers

Label Pro Gerri, The information on the manual is highlighted in yellow. LabelPro 3.0 for Windows Welcome to LabelPro 3.0, designed to take full advantage of the Windows 95/Windows NT 4.0 User Interface. LabelPro 3.0 comes with Win32s to allow it to work with Windows 3.1x as well. New Features in this Version: 1. Start Up Dialog: Helps you decide what task you want to accomplish . 2. Quick Input Assistant. Provides you pre-designed templates that are already linked with lists. All you do is enter the data and print. For example, an address label laid out in standard format. Its list contains fields for name, address, city, state and zip. All you do is enter the data and print. 3. Design Strategy dialog. Allows you to select what list, if any, you want to use with the design you are about to create. 4. Automatic Quick Step help provides brief instructions for the major dialogs in LabelPro. 5. Full Page Print Preview. 6. Re-designed merge fields dialog is easier to use and features an Undo button, if you change your mind. 7. Graphics Preview: You can now see a thumbnail of the selected graphic in the Open dialog. 8. Vertical text spread. You can now space your text evenly from the top to the bottom of a text box. On-line Help - Context-sensitive Help is available for menu commands by pressing the F1 key. - QuickSteps are available for most LabelPro dialogs. They are short instructions to help walk you through basic tasks. - On-line Help provides comprehensive procedures for LabelPro's tasks as well as a lot of other information. Product and Dealer Information Avery’s Consumer Service Centers provide product information for all Avery products. Call the Consumer Service Center to find where to purchase Avery products. Avery Technical Support Avery provides technical support by telephone for Avery software products including LabelPro. Avery support is also available on CompuServe (go avery). If you have a question about an Avery software product, and you cannot find the answer in the on-line help, call Avery Technical Support. Before you telephone Avery Technical Support, you should be at your computer with LabelPro running.

Market Timing and Capital Structure for Baker and Wurgler

It is well known that firms are more likely to issue equity when their market values are high, relative to book and past market values, and to repurchase equity when their market values are low. We document that the resulting effects on capital structure are very persistent. As a consequence, current capital structure is strongly related to historical market values. The results suggest the theory that capital structure is the cumulative outcome of past attempts to time the equity market. Introduction â€Å"Equity market timing† refers to the practice of issuing shares at high prices and repurchasing shares at low prices. Equity market timing appears to be an important aspect of real corporate financial policy. In this paper, B&W ask how equity market timing effects capital structure and whether it has a short-run or long-run impact. The variation in market-to-book ratio is a proxy for manager’s perceptions of misevaluation. The main finding is that low leverage firms are those that raised funds when their market valuations were high (measured by the book-to-market ratio), while high leverage firms are those that raised funds when their market valuations were low. The influence of past market valuations in capital structure is economically significant and statistically robust. The influence of past market valuations on capital structure is also quite persistent, this means that they have a long-run impact. The tradeoff theory predicts that temporary fluctuations in the market-to-book ratio or any other variable should have temporary effects. The evidence however indicates long-term effects as well. The standard pecking-order theory implies that periods of high investment will push leverage higher toward a debt capacity, not lower as the results in this paper suggest. The theory of entrenched managers suggests that managers exploit existing investors ex post by not rebalancing the capital structure with debt, this may be an explanation of the findings in this paper. 1. Capital structure and past market valuations Individual financing decisions depend on market-to-book ratios. Does market-to-book affects capital structure through net equity issues as market timing implies? And does market-to-book has persistent effects that help to explain the cross section of leverage? Data and summary statistics. Table I shows that book leverage decreases sharply following the IPO. Over the next 10 years, it rises slightly, while market value leverage rises more strongly. The book leverage trend is an age effect, not a survival effect. Most notable is the sharp switch to debt finance in the year following in the IPO. Under B&W’s definitions for financing activity, the change in assets is equal to the sum of net debt issues, net equity issues, and newly retained earnings. The concurrent increase in equity issues is suggestive of market timing. Determinants of annual changes in leverage B&W document the net effect of market-to-book on the annual change in leverage. Then they decompose the change in leverage to examine whether the effects comes through net equity issues, as market timing implies. Three control variables are used that have been found to be correlated to leverage: Asset tangibility, profitability, and firm size. B&W regress each component (equity issues, debt issues, and newly retained earnings) of changes in leverage on the market-to-book ratio and other independent variables. This allows them to determine whether market-to-book affects leverage through net equity issues, as market timing implies. The effect of market-to-book on changes in leverage does indeed come through equity issues. Panel C shows that market-to-book is not strongly related to retained earnings, ruling out the possibility that market-to-book affects leverage because it forecasts earnings. The effect of profitability on changes in leverage arises primarily because of retained earnings. Firm size plays an important role at the time of the IPO. Determinants of leverage. If managers do not rebalance to some target leverage ratio, market timing may have persistent effects, and historical valuations will help to explain why leverage ratios differ. The relevant historical variation in market valuations is measured by the â€Å"external finance weighted-average† market-to-book ratio. This variable takes high values for firms that raised external finance when the market-to-book ratio was high and vice-versa. The intuitive motivation for this weighting scheme is that external financing events represent practical opportunities to change leverage. It therefore gives more weight to valuations that prevailed when significant external financing decisions were being made, whether those decisions ultimately went toward debt or equity. This weighted average is better than a set of lagged market-to-book ratios because it picks out, for each firm, precisely which lags (intervals) are likely to be the most relevant. Intuitively the weights correspond to times when capital structure was most likely to be changed. When firms go public, their capital structure reflects a number of factors, including market-to-book, asset tangibility, size, and research and development intensity. As firms age, the cross-section of leverage is more and more explained by past financing opportunities, as determined by the market-to-book ratio, and past opportunities to accumulate retained earnings, as determined by profitability. Historical within-firm variation in market-to-book, not current cross-firm variation, is more important in explaining the cross section of leverage. The results from Table III and IV show that the effect of historical valuations on leverage is large and separate from various effects documented in prior literature. Persistence So far two main results have been documented. First, high market valuations reduce leverage in the short run. Second, historically high market valuations are associated with lower leverage in the cross section. By measuring changes from the leverage prevailing in the year before the IPO, the dependent variable includes the effect of the IPO itself. This is useful because the IPO is a critical financing event known to be connected to market value. Historical market valuations have large and very persistent effects on capital structure. This effect is independent of various control variables. 2. Discussion Tradeoff theory In perfect and efficient markets capital structure is irrelevant. Some of the imperfections that lead to an optimal tradeoff are as follows: Higher taxes on dividends indicate more debt, higher non-debt tax shields indicate less debt, higher costs of financial distress indicate more equity, agency problems can call for more or less debt. The market-to-book ratio can be connected to several elements of the tradeoff theory but it is most commonly attached to costly financial distress. The key testable prediction of the tradeoff theory is that capital structure eventually adjusts to changes in the market-to-book ratio. However, evidence indicated that variation in the market-to-book ratio has a decades-long impact on capital structure. B&W’s results make the point that a considerable fraction of cross-sectional variation in leverage has nothing to do with an optimal leverage ratio. Pecking order theory In the pecking order theory there is no optimal capital structure. The static model predicts that managers will follow a pecking-order (internal, debt, equity). The pecking order theory regards the market-to-book ratio as a measure of investment opportunities. Periods of high investment opportunities will tend to push leverage higher toward a debt capacity. However, to the extent that high past market-to-book actually coincides with high past investments, B&W’s results suggest that such periods tend to push leverage lower. The dynamic version predicts a relationship between leverage and future investment opportunities. B&W’s results control for current market-to-book and show that leverage is much more strongly determined by past values of market-to-book. Managerial entrenchment theory High valuations and good investment opportunities facilitate equity finance, but at the same time allow managers to become entrenched. They may then refuse to raise debt to rebalance in later periods. Market timing theory Capital structure evolves as the cumulative outcome of past attempts to time the equity market. There are two versions of equity market timing. The first is a dynamic form with rational managers and investors and adverse selection costs that vary across firms or across time. Temporary fluctuations in the market-to-book ratio measure variations in adverse selection (information asymmetry). The second version of equity market timing involves irrational investors or managers and time-varying mispricing. If managers try to exploit too-extreme expectations, net equity issues will be positively related to market-to-book. The critical assumption is that markets need not be inefficient, managers may simply believe that they can time the market. 3. Conclusion A variety of evidence suggests that equity market timing is an important aspect of real financial policy. This evidence comes from analyses of actual financing decisions, analyses of long-run returns following equity issues and repurchases, analyses of realized and forecast earnings around equity issues, and surveys of managers. We find that fluctuations in market valuations have large effects on capital structure that persist for at least a decade. The most realistic explanation for the results is that capital structure is largely the cumulative outcome of past attempts to time the equity market.

Achieving Universal Primary Education As A Goal Education Essay

In 1998, the so authorities of Pakistan, accorded full acknowledgment to the cardinal duty of restructuring of instruction system of Pakistan, by denoting the National instruction policy on 27th March 1998. The National Education Policy 1998 was devised with a sight to transform the Pakistani state into an integrated, cohesive entity that can stand up and vie against future challenges by puting one of the chief aims of accomplishing cosmopolitan primary instruction by supplying the maximal chances for free entree to every kid. In 2000, universe leaders from 189 states voted to implement the MDGs.Pakistan was besides one of them. This declaration set eight ends to accomplish the consentaneous ballot to transfuse the Millennium Declaration may propose that the political will to carry through these marks is assuring. The accomplishment of cosmopolitan primary instruction was 2nd end set after eliminating poverty.The mark set under this end was that by 2015 universally kids will be able to finish full class of primary schooling.The indexs to accomplish this mark were completion/survival rate, net registration ratio and literacy rate of 15-24 old ages old work forces and adult females. However, critics of the MDGs are non certain about the likeliness of every state achieving cosmopolitan instruction by 2015. The critics of the MDGs suggest that greater focal point should be placed on the overall advancement instead than the concluding result as the grounds implies that the educational MDGs are non likely to be achieved in most states. By concentrating chiefly on the rates of advancement over clip, ( Sahn, 2003 ) claim the consequences will be more good in supplying encouragement to states, as â€Å" failure to accomplish the ends is non synonymous with failure to accomplish societal advancement † . So, greater attending should be placed on rates of advancement towards finishing these ends instead than the concluding result. As neglecting to accomplish these ends by 2015 does non bespeak a deficiency of betterment in Pakistan, it is more appropriate for policy analysts to concentrate on rates of advancement. Since Pakistan has signed Millennium development declaration, it is confronting major jobs like war on panic, political instability, and temblors 2004 and inundations 2009-10 which hindered its advancement towards these ends. There are so many other factors that are blockading Pakistan in accomplishing its millenary development educational ends. 2.2 Factors that affect the accomplishment of millenary development ends of primary instruction in Pakistan in visible radiation of old research workers and critics. As this paper intends to supply the grounds for critical slowdown and spread in accomplishing primary educational millenary developments ends in Pakistan and how these ends may be achieved, I chose to concentrate on factors which are common and have greater influence on educational advancement and facets that authorities and other educational governments in Pakistan can hold a direct influence over through policy alteration. For the intents of this research, the theoretical account that signifies the determiners of educational advancement are completion endurance rate, female instructors as per centum of entire primary instructors, population aged between 0-14 as per centum of entire population, poorness rate and literacy rate gap.But other variables that are considered and have an impact are net registration ratio, rural population, pupil-teacher ratio, public outgo, gender para index, and non-formal instruction ( deeni madrassas ) , low birth weight babes. The argument that whether educational advancement is more affected by personal back land of pupils ( that includes rural population, poorness rate, public outgo, gender para index ) or school quality factors ( that are pupil teacher ratio, trained instructors, female instructors and non formal instruction ) has been ongoing since the Coleman Report ( Coleman et al. 1966 ) . Coleman et Al. ( 1966 ) found that household background of pupils, that is their parent ‘s socioeconomic position, parent ‘s instruction and businesss are more declarative of pupil ‘s educational advancement than school-level factors. Since the publication of the Coleman Report, research workers have continued to analyze and debate whether quality of instruction or place environment determines pupil ‘s academic accomplishments. Particularly in respect to how national economic development affects which factors are more of import on a planetary graduated table, policy shapers continue to look for which factors may outdo explain educational advancement. In this research, I intend to detect whether economic or educational investing factors best explain advancement towards the educational MDGs in Pakistan. In order to find how Pakistan can utilize its resources most expeditiously, I have used statistical informations for different variables covered under socio economic position of pupils and educational quality and their consequence to cut down literacy spread. Though 70 % of population in Pakistan is still populating in rural countries. But growing in rural countries is traveling towards down and literacy rate is bettering so we can see that societal background of people has high impact on educational advancement. ( DR.P.A.Shami, 2005 ) in their survey on basic instruction in Pakistan raised issues like deficiency of entree to quality instruction in rural countries and unequal distribution of educational resources in rural and urban countries. These issues still prevail in society as a hinderance to accomplishment of MDGs for instruction. The Pakistan has The mean literacy rate of Pakistan is 57 per cent with combination of 69 per cent for males and 45 per cent for females.The literacy rate in urban countries remains much higher than in rural parts of the state, 74 per cent and 48 per cent severally The mean provinicial literacy rate follows as Punjab and Sindh 59 per cent, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ( 50 per cent ) and Balochistan ( 45 per cent ) ( Pakistan Economic Survey, 2009-2010 ) . As I have taken population aged between ( 0-14 ) as per centum of entire population as one of my variables and more than half of population in Pakistan lives in rural countries so it finally effects my determiner. As past research indicates that the effects of educational investing factors or school quality factors which include entire educational outgos and figure of trained instructors for the cosmopolitan registration MDG, pupil-teacher ratio and repeat rate for the cosmopolitan completion MDG, and pupil-teacher ratios and figure of female teachers for the gender para end may change depending on the economic position of a state ( Heyneman & A ; Loxley, 1983 ) . The educational investing factors are most declarative of educational advancement in the universe ‘s hapless states, where as economic growing features will outdo explicate the advancement of lower-middle income states towards the educational MDGs. Economic growing may be viewed as more important at the national degree in lower-middle income states because these states are nearer to being seen as legitimate economic spouses by industrialised states than low income states. Alternatively, educational investing factors will probab ly be more important in low income states because betterments in these in these states are more instantly perceived at the single degree than alterations in national economic growing. ( Gupta et al, 2002 ) found in his research that economic growing has been major determiner of educational advancement. This is in line with my determiner of poorness rate. As economic growing of state straight links to the public assistance of its citizens. The growing in economic system can take to educational growing if net registration rates do non lift at much faster rates than GNP per capita is recognized by Colclough & A ; Al-Samarrai ( 2000 ) in his research. This finding suggests as more kids reach the school traveling age, fewer public resources will be available to apportion to a state ‘s educational system. Therefore economic growing is linked to greater funding on instruction as more resources are available to pass on instruction. This tendency may happen for several grounds. First, as the economic system of state develops more disbursement is done on instruction, even though the entire proportion of the GNP spent on instruction lessenings ( Coclough & A ; Al-Samar rai, 2000 ) and secondly, increasing rates of economic growing mean a higher quality of life for a state ‘s citizens. As fiscal resources go more readily available at the single degree, the sensed costs of instruction may non be as great. Increasing employment rates may heighten citizens ‘ sentiments towards instruction because â€Å" drawn-out unemployment can take to disinterest in puting in farther schooling † ( World Bank ; 2010 ) . However ( Mellinium developemnt ends, 2010 ) shows budgetary allotments are non sufficient plenty to implement the coveted undertakings to accomplish cosmopolitan primary instruction by 2015. Budget for instruction still remains at approximately 2 % of GDP, out of which major sum is spent on administrative issues like wages, go forthing really minimum sum to pass on new enterprises. ( Pakistan Economic Survey, 2009-2010 ) In South Asia, Pakistan falls in one of those states who contribute lowest public outgo on instruction, as a proportion of their GDP. Harmonizing to figures, Pakistan allocated to the instruction sector 2.5 % of the GDP in 2006-07, 2.47 % in 2007-08, 2.1 % in 2008-09 and 2 % in 2009-10. This factor besides straight affect the poorness rate.As if public outgo is increased, there will be more inexpensive instruction installations therefore doing hapless people accessible to basic instruction. A survey by Qureshi and Arif ( 2001 ) conducted on the Profile of Poverty in Pakistan demonstrates that poorness has been increasing drastically throughout the decennary get downing 1990s. More rural family were dragged to poverty and about a one-fourth of the urban families were besides populating below the poorness line by the terminal of 1998-99. They conclude by casting visible radiation on the fact that acquisition of instruction is one of the most important determiners of the incidence of poorness. It is imperative that instruction should be taken into history during policy preparation and execution. A really of import thought has been put frontward in the article which states that instruction can hold a positive impact of poorness relief schemes. The acquisition of an person will hold a positive consequence on his or her net incomes and productiveness and furthermore besides impact any single that interacts with the educated. ( Qureshi and Arif, 2001 ) . I have taken the literacy rate spread ( target-actual ) as my dependent variable for this survey as it is inversly relative to maximal accomplishment of primary instruction and studied the consequence of other independent variables on instruction. Despite the general premise that more support in instruction leads to accomplish higher grade of educational attainment and registration, old researches on the impact of public disbursement on instruction for bettering educational advancement is same. Gallagher ( 1993 ) claims in his work that while educational outgos positively affect registration rates, farther attending is needed to measure the quality of how public outgos are spent in instruction. The entire public instruction outgos may non be the most accurate determiner of detecting how a authorities is financially back uping its educational system, but other research indicates that educational support at the national degree can change significantly. Colclough & A ; Al-Samarrai ( 200 0 ) mentioned in his research that South Asiatic states spend a higher proportion of their entire GNP on instruction and later have higher registration rates. As entire educational outgos vary significantly based on certain national features, more research is needed to find how influential a state ‘s entire fiscal support for instruction is on enrolment rates. For case, the school-aged population in Sub-Saharan Africa is proportionally larger than the school-aged population in South Asia ( Colclough & A ; Al-Samarrai, 2000 ) bespeaking that entire instruction outgos would necessitate to be greater in these states to let for support to be likewise allocated. Additionally, in footings of educational support, the bulk of fundss are spent on instructor wages and other administrative plants ( MDG Report, 2004 & A ; MDG, Report 2010 ) , Dr PA Shami Development of instruction in Pakistan ( 2005 ) .Though public outgo on instruction is taken as variable in my arrested development theo retical account but it finally effects two of my variables completion rate and female teachers.As if there will more public outgos on instruction it will supply more resources and installations to education sectors therefore doing instruction more easy accomplishable stoping up in pupils successfully finishing their primary education.Similarly it can increase figure of female instructors in instruction sector by giving them good wage inducements. A state with a higher school-aged population will probably hold greater pupil-teacher ratios which in bend may take to a lower quality instruction. Pupil-teacher ratio is a important determiner for its possible effects on educational advancement, specifically in footings of school completion rates, though research workers are in understanding about its significance. Dr PA Shami in his paper Access and Equity in Basic instruction besides raised this issue that in Pakistan the really high student instructor ratio in most of schools particularly rural countries has worse effects on its educational advancement. As instructors can non suit to give attending to a category of 40 to 50 pupils so it aversely affects the advancement. The sum of clip a instructor can perpetrate to each pupil is reduced by big category sizes, but the gender of the instructor may besides impact how likely misss are to obtain an instruction. In many topographic points like Baluchistan, Sindh and Pakhtunistan parental attitude towards miss ‘s instruction is really conservative. This state of affairs is more intense in rural countries which cover more than 70-80 % of entire population in Pakistan. In rural countries due to hapless quality of life and less exposure and consciousness and nonreader parents both socially and academically, long distant schools and deficiency of female instructors, kids are non sent to schools and particularly misss. ( Dr P A Shami Access and equity in basic instruction 2005 ) & A ; MDG Report 2010. Consequently, misss may necessitate for female instructors to be present in order to make up one's mind that obtaining an instruction is worthwhile. Additionally, as misss tend to have less attending from teachers than male childs, a deficiency of female teachers can cut down the sum of learning clip for misss ( Benavot & A ; Gad, 2004 ) , therefore cut downing the likeliness of misss achieving an instruction. In add-on to impacting the gender para ratio, the presence of adult females in the educational system may act upon registration and completion rates. The higher engagement of adult females in the work force is frequently viewed as declarative mood of a state going modern ; more adult females in the educational system may take to higher registration and completion rates. Female instructors in schools tend to hold higher degrees of enfranchisement than their male opposite numbers. Consequently, literacy rate spread will be lower in countries with a higher per centum of female ins tructors because the female instructors are more qualified, easy traveling and trusty to learn. ( DR.P.A.Shami, 2005 ) in their survey point out insufficient and unbalanced educational substructure, high poorness rate, incompetent, untrained and non handiness of instructors, illiteracy of parents and economically weak households give rise to low completion/survival rate of primary instruction, which finally negatively consequence literacy rate spread. These factors are besides seen in ( Mellinium developemnt ends, 2010 ) . Completion survival rate is taken in my research as independent variables to measure its impact on literacy rate spread which finally targets accomplishment of Millennium-Development-Goals for primary instruction in Pakistan. ( Mellinium development ends, 2010 ) raised issue of net registration ratio and completion/ endurance rate that has besides mentioned by ( DR.P.A.Shami, 2005 ) .Though net registration ratio has increased in primary instruction to 57 % in 2009 from 42 % in 2002 but we are still dawdling behind a batch to catch 100 % by 2015. And the kids who manage to finish their primary school that is to finish surveies from class 1 to rate 5 is merely 54.6 % in 2009 which has been decreased from 57.3 % in 2002. 2.3 Discussion of assorted undertakings and programmes running in Pakistan to accomplish MDGs for primary instruction Harmonizing to Pakistan Millennium-Development-Goals Report ( Mellinium development ends, 2004 ) by the GoP ( Government of Pakistan ) , a just appraisal of the position and tendencies associating to Goal 2 is hard owing to a figure of reasons.MDG Report 2005 highlighted that major disagreements arise due to informations aggregation by different methods, the usage of different definitions of variables, and the clip slowdown between informations aggregation and publication. MDG Report 2004 states that disagreements are sometimes important, for illustration, between the National Education Management Information System ( NEMIS ) and the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey ( PIHS ) . There is greater consistence, nevertheless, in the rates of alteration implied by these beginnings every bit indicated in ( MDG Report 2005 & A ; pakistan universe tantrum for kids study, 1989 ) .The plans and undertakings introduced to accomplish the MDGs are run by different organisations and NGOs. The pl ans and undertakings running at provincial degree are independent and have no intervention from federal authorities. Therefore monitoring and rating of these plans is hard at federal degree doing the analysis of such intercessions are more complicated for research workers and policy shapers. An instruction sector reforms ( ESR ) specific programme was provided Rs732 million which was spent on the proviso of losing installations in primary and in-between schools, reconstructing and reestablisihing of scientific discipline instruction at secondary degree and constitution of polytechnic institute at territory degree ( Balochistan, Khanozi, Turbat & A ; Gilgit ) .The national instruction foundation intends to set up community schools in the state at the topographic points where primary school are non available within a approachable distance and accomplishment based literacy centres. Rs 1 billion were expanded under Canadian Debt Swap Project for capacity edifice of instructors developing establishment and preparation of instructors. Child Friendly School theoretical account ( CFS ) , which is a model for all kids to inscribe in schools and larn efficaciously has been expanded in the state to over 2700 schools. ( Pakistan Millenim development ends study, 2010 ) .In clip of na tural catastrophes like temblors and inundations UNICEF provides aid to form mass back-to-school run, being to restart choice instruction activities, encouraged to reconstruct schools and substructure, aided to better, acceleration and adapt acquisition schemes for kids who have missed schooling, female instruction and bring forthing public support to raise consciousness about importance of instruction. Further it provides aid to schools, supplying with safe H2O and sanitation. ( Goal: Achieve cosmopolitan Primary eduction ) . Schools are besides seeking to diminish the dropout rate of pupils which is about 50 % at the minute by prosecuting kids in co-curriculum activities, such as athleticss and other drama activities to develop their involvement in schools and increase the keeping rate at school. 2.4 Analysis of spreads and slowdowns The accomplishment of MDGs so far is non singular and the grounds other than one described above are besides temblors in 2004, war on panic and recent monolithic devastation in inundations 2010. Pakistan has presently net registration ratio less than 80 % , which is improbable to make 95 % by 2015.Net primary registration ratio was 52 % in 2004-5 rose to 56 % in 2006-7 and so 57 % in 2008-9.There are important fluctuations in NER among the four states.The NER is highest in Punjab with a little betterment in other states by 1 % .Gender disparity in NER is reduced. Particularly in Pakhtunkhwa it has improved by 4 % in last few old ages. Swerve towards private schooling is increasing in urban every bit good as rural countries, with primary registration increased from 18 % to 20 % in the later. There has been important diminution in completion/survival rate to rate during the last five old ages. The rate decreased from72.1 to 54.7 to 52.3 to 54.6 in 2005-6 to 2006-7 to 2007-8 to 2008-9 r espectively.But it has been improved drastically in 2010 making to 69.9 % . One of the chief grounds of intensifying this rate may be shift in the figure of pupils from public to private schools due to inaccessibility of instructors, better substructure and standard quality of tuition in public schools. Data of the public school does non demo whether pupils have left school or gone to private schools. In the last 10 old ages there is overall betterment in literacy rate with regard to single sectors of male, female, urban and rural countries. Though there is addition of 3 % points in urban countries and 1 % point in rural countries. Literacy rate is higher in urban countries 74 % compared to 48 % in rural countries in 2008-9.The single provincial literacy rates are as follows: Punjab & A ; Sindh – 59 % , Khyber- 50 % , Baluchistan – 45 % .The literacy rate 2008-9 is higher among work forces 69 % compared to adult females 45 % which is increased from 66 % and 43 % in 200 6-7 severally. ( Mellinium developemnt ends, 2010 ( Australian Aid Programme to Pakistan, 2010 ) . Social position between work forces and adult females, prophylactic usage, birthrate rates decline, the relationship between kid and maternal mortality is a good established. The most powerful givers decrease of kid mortality is the female parent of a literacy, which in itself is an instruction system to guarantee that his open uping development of the book as a free cosmopolitan entree to instruction for the hapless, including misss and boys.There should be accent on instruction among these adult females, societal position and overall wellness of kids and pregnant adult females, he made two basic characteristics that make life meaningful and free possible.The societal position of adult females through instruction, enjoyment and economic relationship between instruction and wellness chances is, hence, is to accomplish the Millennium-Development-Goals and to guarantee that the basic premiss of sustainable development. It is obvious that Pakistan lagged behind in this regard the hurtin g behind. In general, Pakistan faces multiple and interconnected jobs, with a position to accomplishing the Millennium-Development-Goals call. Some of these issues relate straight to wellness attention, while others refer to economic, societal and cultural. However, macro-political environment is besides a beginning of jobs. Pakistan history suspicious of democracy. The state was under an existent or de facto military government, history and deprived the bulk of people the cardinal freedoms. There is no sense of democracy, publicity of civic consciousness, a strong sense of human rights and freedoms will be hard if non impossible, to accomplish the Millennium-Development-Goals in Pakistan.