How to write a policy paper
Great Essay Topics On Adapted Screenplay
Monday, August 24, 2020
Financial reporting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Budgetary detailing - Assignment Example rganization isn't to just advance its own special business and increment a definitive objective of benefit figures in any case, then again, these association likewise recognizes their auxiliary duty towards its general public individuals and ecological effects. The basic role of directing different CSER exercises by Company is the away from with respect to the Company that they do think about its general public, their people groups, and condition and in this manner, is reliably taking a shot at the advancement of different subjects of the general public including, writing, sports, wellbeing, security and others. CSER include in bringing about some momentary costs and expenses for the association that don't likewise give a moment money related advantage to the business, however rather it gives some subjective come back to the business over the long haul. The exercises of CSER generally advance numerous positive and helpful changes into the general public and condition, in which the association is playing out their activities. With the assistance of CSER report, a definitive point of the business is to connote towards the general public that they are the association which have severe guidelines and powers over the different business shades of malice, including, Frauds, Bribery, Political impacts and endowments, irreconcilable situation, bargain of freedom issues, tax avoidance, untrustworthy business practice, out of line serious exercises, absence of secrecy of business data and sharpness, provocation of human rights and qualities, separation and numerous others, contingent upon the structure and needs of the association. Through, CSER, business association likewise needs show they carefully follow wellbeing and security gauges, its implicit rules, administrative rules and are persistently making progress toward progress so as to accumulate lesser and lesser harm to physical condition and nature. ABF Plcââ¬â¢s Corporate Responsibility Report unmistakably shows that how much significance they are really providing for the region
Saturday, August 22, 2020
MBA Change Management Samples for Students â⬠MyAssignmenthelp.com
Question: Examine about the MBA Change Management. Answer: The change the executives reflected upon here follows the mediation by HRM in my present association dependent on sexual orientation value regarding choice, enrollment, advancement the executives and initiative in the association whereby more females are to be remembered for such territories. The reflection will be guided towards three wellsprings of protection from this change including hesitance to lose control, inclination for low degrees of incitement and oddity, and hesitance to surrender old propensities. The HRM got a great deal of obstruction coming fundamentally from the male partners possessing the administration and the executives position who considered the to be activity as a danger to them losing control and surrendering their old propensities for authority and the board (Vuori, 2016). I recollect when the HRM began this activity, the venture group thought of a pile of issues to advance numerous ladies into authority and the executives positions and furthermore to choose and select more ladies into senior and official positions. For instance, the male workers both in junior and senior positions promptly ganged facing the HR office and shaped a gathering to frustrate any endeavor to have increasingly female partners remembered for the positions they were by and by holding. Their principle conflict was that they were utilized into old propensities for generalizing ladies. They restricted this since they were generalizing ladies as less profitable and the individuals who have a place with junior and easygoing works. Because of the dread of losing their control, they, in this way, pledged at all expense to obstruct this activity. The administration and the board positions are a protect exclusively for old male who are utilized to old methods of getting things done. They restricted the activity since they had overpowering inclination for low degrees of incitement and oddity. They expected that youthful and inventive ladies who were proposed to be advanced into the executives and authority positions would be a genuine danger to them and will make them lose positions. This is on the grounds that these positions were held by male partners who were just used to old style of the board and they would not like to surrender their profoundly established old propensities for the executives and administration. They expected that the creative ladies will acquire new thoughts of the executives and initiative like synergistic and shared authority which will mean they will have more help from the lesser. This, to them, would mean them losing order and control and consequently the clarification for the energetic protection fr om this change activity. Likewise, they expected that the ladies could be progressively profitable in light of the fact that they would do this to draw in advancement. This was a danger to them since guys had a programmed possibility of being advanced in the association even without the need to work all the more gainfully. Along these lines they contended that by having more ladies being chosen and enlisted, their lesser and official positions will be under danger. This is on the grounds that they would be compelled to surrender their old working propensities and furthermore begin striving to be advanced. What's more, in light of the fact that the male partners had never been utilized to the advancement dependent on profitability and execution, this was a wellspring of their restriction and opposition as they were certain this would propel them to change their standard old propensities. The senior administration bunch likewise dreaded they will lose control and this was the explanation they contradicted the activity. For instance, as of now, supervisors are all the more holding in the association and have amassed a ton of control. They utilize their situations as a way to get incomparability titles in the association. The lesser specialists dread them incredibly and subsequently would consistently do anything they state even it is against the target, objectives and procedures of the association. For this reasons, supervisors are dreaded in the association and along these lines they need to hold such controls. Consequently, by having increasingly inventive ladies taking up senior and official positions, these male directors dread that their orders and control will be quick disintegrating. Very much aware of this, the chiefs have pledged to oppose any activity centered at deposing them from their controls (Winiecki, 2013). Their restriction and opposition was an extra ordinary danger to the achievement of this change the board activity. I recall the undertaking group holding successive gatherings with the administration attempting to persuade them to receive it however each time they would down their devices and stand up to. In a similar vein, the male partners in the administration position contradicted the activity. Their primary danger was that creative and young ladies have better approaches for driving where the contribution of everybody is mulled over instead of the old propensities for the present harvest of male pioneers in the association. By this, the pioneers are more than persuaded that if this activity is permitted, they would lose their authority positions and henceforth lose control (Ceptureanu, 2015). Hence, they had no choice yet to pack up and join the supervisors to put any snags that would hamper this activity. Without a doubt, the male chiefs even went out their approaches to prompt the lesser male partners to go along with them in obstruction disclosing to them that they will have less chances to be advanced should they permit the activity to experience. This made a genuine revolt in the association that the venture group turned out to be progressively unfit to try and hold gatherings with the lesser male representatives to clarify the requirement for the change and its latent capacity benefits not exclusively to the association yet even the whole workforce. Having been impelled by the administration, the lesser male workers were persuaded that lone female will be elevated because of governmental policy regarding minorities in society that the HRM had adjusted. Since, they favored low degrees of incitement and curiosity, they likewise pledged to oppose the activity. This was on the grounds that the lesser male staff were additionally peering toward at the couple of advancement openings in the association which at that point could have pushed them to either administration or the executives position where they could have control (Burnes, 2015). Accordingly they were persuaded that their possibility of advancement would be improbable if the activity was to succeed. In this manner they immediately joined the effectively obvious opposing initiative and the executives gatherings. This quintessence implied that the undertaking group couldn't work as planned. In spite of the undertaking group disclosing to them that the advancement would not be founded on either sex, yet the profitability or execution of every worker, they would not like to hear any of such contentions. To them, they had focused on contradict the change having been contrarily impacted by the kindred male pioneers and administrators just to egotistically guard their future advancements (Bareil, 2013). This was likewise aggravated their hesitance to surrender old propensities whereby they had consistently seen ladies as individuals who ought to consistently work under the oversight of men. The HRM had no alternative however to stop the activity as the overall condition was never upheld and pledged to take part in huge introductory meeting with all the partners before bringing the issue up again later on. In any case, the ladies who had been utilized in the association felt a lot of baffled with their kindred male partners. They, be that as it may, promised to seek after value utilizing all meanses imaginable regardless of whether it implied going to court. References Bareil, C. (2013). Two Paradigms about Resistance to Change. Association Development Journal, 31(3). Burnes, B. (2015). Understanding protection from changebuilding on Coch and French. Diary of Change Management, 15(2), 92-116. Ceptureanu, E. G. (2015). Study Regarding Resistance To Change In Romanian Innovative Smes From It Sector. Diary Of Applied Quantitative Methods, 10(1). Vuori, T. (2016). Shaul Oreg and Jacob Goldenberg: Resistance to Innovation: Its Sources and Manifestations. Winiecki, J. (2013). Protection from Change in the Soviet Economic System (Routledge Revivals): A Property Rights Approach. Routledge.
Saturday, July 25, 2020
Summer Reading Part 2 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog
Summer Reading Part 2 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog On Monday I posted some resources for possible summer reading. The resources revolved around faculty, alumni, and current student writings posted on the web. I was riding my bike to work this morning and got the idea that it would be fun to do a similar thing for those joining us in the fall. I know from reading applications that many admitted applicants have a web or digital presence that others might be interested in. So the point of this entry is to solicit reading resources from recently admitted students. This could also turn into a great way to get to know those you will be taking classes with in the fall. Another way is to see pictures from those you will be joining and the summer photo series is also on the horizon so stay tuned for details. If you Tweet, Blog, write for a web site or can be followed in some way on the web and wish to share links, Twitter names, etc. with fellow incoming students, we want to hear from you. If you are an incoming student that will be starting classes in September and want to give people the ability to read or follow you, send an email with the following to sipa_new@columbia.edu with the title Summer Reading. Your full name Your degree program (MIA, MPA, or MPA-DP) Any of the following Twitter account, Blog address, links where you have been published, web sites you champion or support The information you submit will be posted on this blog for public consumption. Another avenue is of course Facebook (but Facebook cannot be accessed by everyone) and it is likely that a Facebook page has already been started by some incoming student. If a Facebook page has indeed been created, someone please send us an email letting us know and I will post to the blog for easy consumption. An email can be sent to sipa_new@columbia.edu with the title Facebook and you can include the group name for us to pass on.
Friday, May 22, 2020
The No Child Left Behind Act - 1397 Words
When assessing educational legislation and whether it is good or bad law can be muddled by the fact that some part of the law is good versus some being bad. Also, the passing of time can change the viewpoint of such legislation. For instance, the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) was largely accepted as a good piece of legislation when the law was enacted, but with the passing of time, we have seen that the NCLB has its problems. The lack of truly funding the legislation, coupled with the fact that standardized testing given to each student, regardless of disability or English as a second language (ESL) status causes issues within some areas of the education system. Even so, there are still parts of the NCLB that are good for education as aâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Without the mechanisms in place, in addition to the lack of funding made the NCLB have somewhat of a toothless bite. Other legislation certainly had a greater impact on the educational system than did NCLB. President Lyndon B Johnson enacted The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) of 1965, based on his experience teaching at a low-income school located in Cotulla Texas (Bishop and Jackson, 2015) to set standards and provide equity across the educational system. This act is widely accepted as one of the best laws enacted to help schools and educators in their efforts for student success. While this act is one of great importance, there are two other laws executed to provide teachers with the tools to succeed. The CIVIL rights Act, while addressing other issues surrounding civil rights, Bishop also provided that any student, regardless of race or religion, would receive the same, publicly funded, education as other students. The other piece law is the Individual with Disabilities Act that covers the same issues like the Civil Rights Act, except from a person with disabilities rather than one of race or religion. Even so, section 504 of the IDEA laws covers these such students. W hile comparing these against other acts that are perceived as poorly written, or
Friday, May 8, 2020
Annotated Bibliography Essay - 1443 Words
April 18th 2012 Pre AP English II Annotated Bibliography Stone, A.. Both sides on gay adoption cite concern for children. Usa today. Gannett Co. Inc., 2006. Web. 18 Apr 2012 The article is about a couple who is gay having to move in order for both gay parents to get custody of the adopted child. It talks about the statistics of foster care and the number of kids being adopted right now. The numbers are very low and even for gays, its extremely low. It also states that gays are some good candidates for adoption but not being bias towards either side. The author Andrea Stone, is very credible, having worked at AOL before joining USA Today for 24 years. Her education being the University of Ontario and she earned her Bachelorââ¬â¢sâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The page lists the fears of gay adoption, such as the child growing up to be homosexual as well as abuse from parents, but studies show that rarely happens with gay parents but rather with religious groups adopting. The site also give sites for resources on gay adoption. The author Carrie Craft, is a foster parent herself. Although she is an activist for gay adoption and adoption from straight cou ples, she is not biased towards a certain position. She has been at about.com for over eight years, and attended Wichita State University and graduated with a Bachelorââ¬â¢s. Coparent or second-parent adoption by same-sex parents. . N.p., 2002. Web. 18 Apr 2012. This article talks about the support of second parent adoption for gays everywhere. They support the idea that children with two capable adults no matter what gender are able and should be able to care for a child. Although they support this, the article does not show any sort of negativity toward the opposite side relating the issue. The site details the rights that the second parent should be guaranteed through an adoption. They also think that pediatricians and other professions dealing with children should get more familiar with learning about gays and the children they adopt. The authors are the Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health. The people in the committee have many different backgrounds and are advocates for childrenââ¬â¢sShow MoreRelatedMy First Semester Of English913 Words à |à 4 Pages Writing project four was my favorite project this semester because it was an exciting topic, because of the pop- culture texts we were able to choose from. Th is paper encourage me to use the tools I had used from the previous papers. The Annotated Bibliography taught me how to summarize a detailed article. Writing project two taught me how to better explore my article and explain how the article fits my purpose of righting better and writing project three help me relate my research to society. AnsweringRead MoreGraduation Speech : My Experience1594 Words à |à 7 Pageslot, but my stress management still requires more work. At the beginning of any class, I take time to adjust to the class structure. I initially learned slowly, but after understanding the requirements, I am able to quickly grasp them. The Annotated Bibliography was simple enough to understand and had examples in the reader for me to grasp the general idea of it. However, I had struggled with the midterm. I thought I understood the requirements, but I was unable to reproduce my understanding of theRead MorePersonal Reflection893 Words à |à 4 Pagesfluency of speaking. I will speak in English after class as much as possible to improve my spoken English. As for Seminars, I leaned how to write a CV and an annotated bibliography as well as explain concepts. All of them are useful. Knowing how to write a CV can help me to apply for schools or jobs. Knowing how to write an annotated bibliography can help me in my academic future at UIC. The most useful one is concept explanation presentation. When I learned to explain concepts, I got information aboutRead MoreHumn 303 All Weeks Assignments Package Devry630 Words à |à 3 PagesHUMN 303 Week 3 Annotated Bibliography HUMN 303 Week 4 Annotated Bibliography HUMN 303 Week 6 Course Project Draft HUMN 303 Week 8 Course Project HUMN 303 ALL WEEKS ASSIGNMENTS PACKAGE DEVRY To purchase this visit following link: http://www.activitymode.com/product/humn-303-all-weeks-assignments-package-devry/ Contact us at: SUPPORT@ACTIVITYMODE.COM HUMN 303 ALL WEEKS ASSIGNMENTS PACKAGE DEVRY HUMN 303 Week 2 Course Project Proposal HUMN 303 Week 3 Annotated Bibliography HUMN 303 WeekRead MoreGen 499 General Education Capstone Entire Course980 Words à |à 4 Pages499 Week 1 DQ 2 Social Media GEN 499 Week 2 DQ 1 Professional Resume and Cover Letter GEN 499 Week 2 Assignment Critiquing Internet Sources GEN 499 Week 3 DQ 1 Social Capital GEN 499 Week 3 DQ 2 Federal Policy GEN 499 Week 3 Assignment Annotated Bibliography GEN 499 Week 4 DQ 1 Call to Action GEN 499 Week 4 DQ 2 Final Research Paper Progress GEN 499 Week 4 Critical Thinking Quiz GEN 499 Week 5 DQ 1 Technology and Globalization GEN 499 Week 5 DQ 2 Reflecting on General Education GEN 499 WeekRead MoreThe Overuse of Technology in Our Daily Life Essay1452 Words à |à 6 Pagesa day? The answer for this question will bring a lot of negative answers, and of course if we ask this question in a survey, ââ¬Å"NOâ⬠will be the winner of this survey. Talking about the use of technology reminded me one of the sources from my annotated bibliography by Amy Petersen, who is the Theatre and Media Arts Department Chair and Associate Professor in the College of Fine Arts and Communications at Brigham Young University. In her article which she wrote about the overuse of tech in our daily lifeRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography Of The Bibliography1341 Words à |à 6 Pages1. At the end of Week 6, your annotated bibliography is due. What is an annotated bibliography? How will the annotated bibliography help you as you write the research paper? Provide an example of one entry from your annotated bibliography including the citation. An annotated bibliography is a record of citations to books, editorials, and papers. Each citation is followed by a short summation, which are about 150 words by and large, explanatory and evaluative paragraph, the annotation. The intentionRead MoreBibliography Of An Annotated Bibliography1512 Words à |à 7 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to display my knowledge of constructing an annotated bibliography. This annotated bibliography consists of the five articles from journal set A. The annotation covers evidence based practices and issues with the field of psychology such as lack of services, cost and, quality of care. Each annotation addresses the strength of the article, the purpose of the article, the relevance to the field of psychology and its uniqueness. The paper is a very brief synopsis of the articleRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography1329 Words à |à 6 Pagesï » ¿ Annotated Bibliography Galen College of Nursing Annotated Bibliography Mayo Clinic (2011). Personal health record: A tool for managing your health. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/personal-health-record/MY00665 This source talks about how electronic health records makes it easy to gather and manage medical information in a secure location (Mayo Clinic, 2001, pg. 1). They explain what a health record is and what goes into it. The advantages and disadvantages toRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography1469 Words à |à 6 PagesAnnotated Bibliography Tyre, Peg. The Writing Revolution. The Atlantic. The Atlantic, Oct. 2012. Web. 20 Feb. 2013. The writing Revolution is written by Peg Tyre, who is the director of strategy at the Edwin Gould Foundation. He describes an education reform the occurred at Dorp High School, a school which otherwise may have been closed due to poor academic performance. The schools leader, Deirdre DeAngelis, drastically reformed the schoolââ¬â¢s curriculum and teaching methodology
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
The indian national congress Free Essays
Introduction The Indian national Congress is besides known as the Congress party and abbreviations INC. Indian national congerss is a major political party in India.INC founded in 1885 by allan octvian Hume, dadabhai naroji, dinshaw bacha, womesh Chandra banerjee, surendranath banerjee, manmohan ghosh and William wedderburn. We will write a custom essay sample on The indian national congress or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Indian national Congress became the leader of india independent motion, with over 15 million member and over 70 million engagement in its battle against British regulation in India after independency in 1947. National Congress became the states dominant political party, lead by the NEHERU-GANDHI household for most of the party, challenged for leading merely in more recent decennaries, the party is presently the main member of the opinion united progressive confederation alliance. It is the lone party to acquire more than 100 million ballots in three general election. The Indian national association was the first professed nationalist organisation founded in British India by surendranath banerjee and anand mohan Bose in 1876. The aims of this association were ââ¬Å" promoting by every legitimate means the political, rational and material promotion of the people â⬠. The association attracted more educated Indians and civic leaders from all parts of the state and became an of import forum for Indians aspirers for independency. It subsequently merged with Indian national Congress. Its beginning from the zamindari sabha ( association ) founded by DWARIKANATH TAGORE and his cousin PRASANNO TAGORE In 1831. In 1857 the association support the E india company in the sepoy munity, naming the root penalty for the Rebels. In 1866 pandit navin Chandra roy was appointed asa secretary of the association a station which he held for 4 old ages before he eventually moved to Lahore in the class of his employment. Ramnath Tagore was the president from 1867 to 1877 after a stormy meeting in 1870 a declaration moved by nationalist adi dharma cabal of babu hemendra nath Tagore was approved to voice the concern of educated Indians to the British governments on issue of favoritism, engagement of Indian in the Indian civil sercice and political authorization and representation of Indian. This consequence in a split, whereby freemason crown stalwart formed a breakway association called the Indian reform association under keshab Chandra sen to ââ¬Å" unlift the common people but merely give them political representation when they ready for it â⬠. 1871 a subdivision was established by the adi Dharma cabal in oudh by dakshinarajan mukherjee for demanding Indian elected representation in legislative assemblies. The reform association cabal on July 26th 1876 established a India sabha with Bengali leaders like surendranath banerjee sastri, anand mohan bose etc. And held its first one-year conference in culcutta, from 1880 boulder clay 1890 a acrimonious conflict for control of the reform association ensued between the prosen and anti-sen cabals. History Patriot on salt March The fairy adopted in 1931 and used by the proviso authorities of free India during the 2nd universe war. From the foundation of national Congress 28 December 1885 till the clip of independency of india 15 grand 1947, the national Congress was the largest and most outstanding india public organisation, which influence of the Indian independency motion. ALLAN OCTAVIAN HUME Allan Octavian Hume is the of Indian national Congress. Founded upon the suggestion of British civil retainer named allan Octavian Hume. After the first war of Indian independency and the transportation of India from the east india company to the British imperium, it was the end of the raj to back up and warrant its administration of India with the assistance of English-educated Indians, who would be familiar and friendly to British civilization and political thining. On 12 oct 1885, Hume and a group of educated Indians besides published ââ¬Å" an entreaty from the people of India to the voters of great Britain and Ireland â⬠to inquire British electors in 1885 British general election to assist back up campaigners sympathetic to Indian public sentiment, which included resistance to the levying of revenue enhancements on India to finance the British Indian runs in afganistan and support for legislative reform in India. On 28 December 1885, the Indian national Congress was founded at gokuldas tejpal Sanskrit college in Bombay, with 72 delegates in attending. hume false office as the general secretary, and womesh Chandra banerjee of Calcutta was elected president besides hume two extra British members ( both Scottish civil retainers ) were members of the establishing group, William wedderburn and justness ( subsequently, sir ) toilet jardine. The other members were largely hindus from the Bombay and madras presidential terms. FIRST SESSION OF INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS The first session of Indian national Congress was held on 28-31 December 1885 at Bombay. Lokmanya tilak was the first to encompass swaraj as the national end. The first jets of nationalist sentiment that rose amongst congress members were when the desire to be represented in the organic structures of authorities, to hold a say, a ballot in the jurisprudence devising and issues of disposal of India. ANNIE BESANT Annie besant was by far the most conspicuously involved European in the Indian battle when British entered into the British Indian ground forces into universe war I, it provoked the first unequivocal, countrywide political argument of its sort in India. The divided Congress re- united in the polar lucknow session in 1916, with bal gangadhar tilak and gopal Krishna gokhle decorating the phase together one time once more. MOHANDAS KARAMCHAND GANDHI Mohandas Gandhi gave rise to a whole new coevals of patriots, and a whole new signifier of revolution. In the twelvemonth after the universe war, the rank of the Congress expanded well, owing to public exhilaration after Gandhi ââ¬Ës in champaran and kheda. A whole new ganaration of leaders arose from different portion of India who were commited gandhians-sardar vallabhbhai patel, jawarharlal neheru, rajendra Prasad, chakravarti Rajagopalachari, narhari parikh, mahadev desai- every bit good as hot -blooded patriot aroused by Gandhi ââ¬Ës active leadership- chittaranjan hyrax, subhas Chandra Bose, srinivasa lyengar. Gandhi transformed the Congress from an elitist party based in the metropoliss, to an organisation of the people. JAWAHARLAL NEHERU SITTING NEXT TO MAHATMA GANDHI AT THE AICC GENERAL SESSION. Partition OF INDIA Within the Congress, the divider of India was opposed by khan abdul gaffar, saifuddin kitchlew, Dr. Khan sahib and congresswomans from the states that would necessarily go portion of Pakistan. Maulana azad was opposed to divider in rule, but did non wish to hinder the national leading. LEADERSHIP CHANGES In 1947, the Congress presidential term passed upon jivatram gresskripalani, a seasoned gandhian and ally of both Nehru and patel. Indian ââ¬Ës duumvirate expressed neutrality and full support to the elective victor of the 1947,1948 and 1949 presidential races. However, a jerk of war began between Nehru and his socialist wing, and patel and Congress diehards broke out in 1950 ââ¬Ës race. Nehru lobbied intensely to oppose the campaigning purushottam hyrax tondon, whom he perceived as a hindu-muslim dealingss. Nehru openly backed kripalani to oppose tondon, but neglected courtesy to patel upon the inquiry. Members OF INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS How to cite The indian national congress, Essay examples
Monday, April 27, 2020
John Cage Essays - Piano, Fluxus, John Cage, Mystics, Indeterminacy
John Cage John Milton Cage Jr. John Cage became famous for his unorthodox theories and very experimental compositions. He was an American composer born in Los Angeles on September 5, 1912. Neither of his parents went to college, and John himself dropped out after a mere two years in college. His father earned a living being an inventor. Cage credits his father, being an inventor, as very influential to the way in which he wrote music. John also considered himself as an innovator and discoverer in the field of music. John Cage took traditional classical music and turned it into a futuristic collection of sounds totally different from what everyone was used to. He has expanded the idea of what sounds constituted music, and was the influential impetus behind indeterminacy in music. He is credited with enhancing the thinking of many other modern composers, Philip Glass being one of them. By as early as 1937 Cage was introducing the use of intentional and unintentional noise and electrically produced sounds in music. He did this by using your everyday household items such as pots and pans even brake drums to produce sounds and turn them into music. He was the first composer to give noise equal status to musical tone. He is said to have created an early piece Imaginary Landscapes No. 1 by using muted piano, cymbal, and frequency test recordings. As if this doesnt sound weird enough the frequency test recordings were played on variable speed turntables. This was John Cages style. He later went on to use the sounds of percussion on household furniture, he used various items such as the human body, conch shells, and kitchen sounds like chopping vegetables. He was also known for using amplified sounds like a crumpling paper, even a chess game being played. He incorporated the sounds of toys and toy pianos into his works also. Cage, in 1938, once conquered the challenge of creating percussion instruments for a dance in a theatre that had no wings or orchestra pit, there was just barely enough room for a small grand piano built into the front left of the audience. Being so limited on space and not being able to neither find, nor fit an African twelve tone row, he invented the prepared piano. The prepared piano he created by adding screws, bolts, rubber, wood and weather striping between the strings of the grand piano. The piano was transformed into a percussion orchestra, with the loudness of that of a harpsichord. Cage later went on to earn awards for Sonatas and Interludes which was one of his most important works for the prepared piano in 1946 to 1948. Cage later went on to say My favorite music is the music that I havent yet heard. I dont here the music I write: I write in order to hear the music I have [not] yet heard. This quote summarizes his philosophy on indeterminacy. This belief led to the creation of 433, his recording of the sounds around you. The only thing specified is the length of the piece. It is said that he used 4.33 minutes which equals 273 seconds. And 273 centigrade = zero degrees where everything would be completely silent and atoms quite moving. What do you think about this theory? Later John went on studying Zen Buddhism and the I Ching which is what steered him more so in the direction of indeterminacy. With this style he would orchestrate what was going on, but leave the conditions open to the performer. A good example is the piece he created by using 12 radios each and having 24 different people, two at each radio, one controlled the volume and the other the tuning. He would then randomly select which radios were playing when he told them. The undetermined condition here would be that he never knew what was playing on each station as he selected them to play, or the volume. And pieces were always overlapping each other with a variety of unknown music at different times. This piece was titled Imaginary Lanscapes No. 4. Cage went all through life pushing the boundaries of traditional music. Opening people and other composers minds to all avenues of new music through sounds
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